Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the participants in Seniors-ENRICA-I and Seniors-ENRICA-II by category of nut consumption
|
Characteristic |
Seniors-ENRICA-I Nut consumption (servingsa/week) |
Seniors-ENRICA-II Nut consumption (servingsa/week) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 to < 1 | 1 to < 3 | ≥ 3 | p-valueb | 0 to < 1 | 1 to < 3 | ≥ 3 | p-valueb | |
| Total, n | 1568 | 247 | 463 | 1331 | 429 | 966 | ||
| Age (y), mean ± SD | 71.9 ± 5.8 | 71.4 ± 5.3 | 71.1 ± 5.6 | 0.041 | 71.9 ± 4.6 | 71.5 ± 4.3 | 71.5 ± 4.2 | 0.061 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 865 (55.2) | 148 (60.1) | 274 (59.2) | 0.140 | 715 (53.7) | 233 (54.3) | 477 (49.4) | 0.079 |
| Lower educational level, n (%) | 1028 (65.6) | 147 (59.3) | 260 (56.2) | 0.024 | 888 (66.7) | 280 (65.3) | 565 (58.5) | <0.001 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 343 (21.9) | 38 (15.4) | 72 (15.6) | 0.001 | 282 (21.2) | 102 (23.8) | 214 (22.2) | 0.519 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 151 (9.7) | 27 (10.8) | 31 (6.8) | 0.122 | 143 (10.7) | 33 (7.7) | 79 (8.2) | 0.050 |
| Current alcohol drinker, n (%) | 889 (56.7) | 162 (65.7) | 290 (62.7) | 0.052 | 941 (70.7) | 313 (72.9) | 745 (77.1) | 0.003 |
| Short (< 6.5 h/d) sleep duration, n (%) | 623 (39.7) | 97 (39.4) | 197 (42.5) | 0.423 | 529 (39.7) | 158 (36.8) | 396 (41.0) | 0.341 |
| Less physically active,c n (%) | 745 (47.5) | 139 (56.3) | 246 (53.2) | <0.001 | 760 (57.1) | 236 (55.0) | 536 (55.5) | 0.643 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 28.9 ± 4.4 | 28.5 ± 4.5 | 28.2 ± 4.2 | <0.001 | 28.3 ± 4.5 | 27.8 ± 4.7 | 27.4 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| MEDAS score, mean ± SD | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 7.1 ± 2.1 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 7.8 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 321 (20.5) | 40 (16.1) | 66 (14.2) | 0.016 | 267 (20.1) | 88 (20.5) | 148 (15.3) | 0.007 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 108 (6.9) | 18 (7.5) | 23 (5.0) | 0.451 | 76 (5.7) | 15 (3.5) | 37 (3.8) | 0.048 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1101 (70.2) | 146 (59.3) | 309 (66.8) | 0.002 | 764 (57.4) | 238 (55.5) | 519 (53.7) | 0.214 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, n (%) | 56 (3.6) | 12 (4.7) | 14 (3.1) | 0.302 | 99 (7.4) | 36 (8.4) | 66 (6.8) | 0.585 |
| Cancer at any site, n (%) | 36 (2.3) | 9 (3.5) | 15 (3.2) | 0.364 | 34 (2.6) | 11 (2.6) | 33 (3.4) | 0.437 |
| Neurodegenerative disease, n (%) | 23 (1.5) | 2 (0.7) | 4 (0.8) | 0.646 | 20 (1.5) | 7 (1.6) | 7 (0.7) | 0.186 |
MEDAS: Mediterranean Diet Adherence screener; SD: standard deviation. a 1 serving = 30 g. b P-values were obtained through the chi-squared test for categorical variables and the t-test for continuous variables. c Less active (inactive or moderately inactive) during leisure time according to the EPIC-physical activity questionnaire.