Table 2.
The clinical characteristics of malnutrition
| PNI | GNRI | NPS | CONUT | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Normal | Malnutrition | P | Normal | Malnutrition | P | Normal | Malnutrition | P | Normal | Malnutrition | P |
| Age, years | 75.0 (70.0,78.0) | 80.0 (75.0, 85.0) | <0.001 | 75.0 (70.0,78.0) | 80.0 (75.0, 85.0) | <0.001 | 74.0 (70.0,77.5) | 76.0 (71.0,79.3) | 0.193 | 74.0 (70.0,78.8) | 76.0 (72.0, 80.0) | 0.033 |
| Male, n (%) | 94 (49.7) | 25 (59.5) | 0.328 | 98 (50) | 21 (60) | 0.365 | 10 (32.3) | 109 (54.5) | 0.035 | 34 (43.6) | 85 (55.6) | 0.114 |
| Weight, kg | 68.0 + 12.8 | 68.0+9.1 | 0.976 | 69.0 ± 12.2 | 62.6 ± 11.2 | 0.003 | 65.3 ± 12.4 | 68.4 ± 12.2 | 0.201 | 68.0 ± 12.0 | 69.0 ± 12.4 | 0.990 |
| Height, cm | 164.0 (158.0, 170.0) | 168.0 (160.0, 173.8) | 0.029 | 164.0 (158.0, 170.0) | 168.0 (159.5, 175.5) | 0.026 | 162.0 (156.0, 168.5) | 165.0 (158.0, 170.3) | 0.082 | 163.0 (158.0, 168.0) | 165.0 (158.0, 172.0) | 0.084 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 (22.9, 27.4) | 24.3 (22.4, 26.0) | 0.121 | 25.7 (23.7, 27.7) | 22.3 (21.1, 24.2) | <0.001 | 24.7 (23.0,27.1) | 25.0 (22.6, 27.3) | 0.748 | 25.4 (23.5, 27.9) | 24.8 (22.3,27.1) | 0.125 |
| Body fat proportion, % | 35.9 (32.3, 41.8) | 35.2 (30.6, 40.3) | 0.380 | 36.4 (32.7,42.0) | 33.0 (28.4, 37.6) | <0.001 | 39.2 (33.4,42.0) | 35.5 (31.9,41.1) | 0.177 | 37.8 (32.9,41.7) | 35.1 (31.4,40.6) | 0.054 |
| Past medical history, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| SND | 129 (68.3) | 25 (59.5) | 0.366 | 134 (68.4) | 20 (57.1) | 0.270 | 24 (77.4) | 130 (65.0) | 0.246 | 60 (76.9) | 94 (61.4) | 0.027 |
| AF with slow HR | 16 (8.5) | 4 (9.5) | 1.000 | 17 (8.7) | 3 (8.6) | 1.000 | 2 (6.5) | 18 (9.0) | 0.900 | 2 (2.6) | 18 (11.8) | 0.035 |
| Coronary artery disease | 101 (53.4) | 27 (64.3) | 0.268 | 107 (54.6) | 21 (60.0) | 0.683 | 11 (35.5) | 117 (58.5) | 0.027 | 37 (47.4) | 91 (59.5) | 0.109 |
| HF | 32 (16.9) | 18 (42.9) | <0.001 | 39 (19.9) | 11 (31.4) | 0.193 | 5 (16.1) | 45 (22.5) | 0.571 | 12 (15.4) | 38 (24.8) | 0.139 |
| Medical therapy n (%) | ||||||||||||
| β blocker | 98 (51.9) | 31 (73.8) | 0.016 | 104 (53.1) | 25 (71.4) | 0.067 | 17 (54.8) | 112 (56.0) | 1.000 | 41 (52.6) | 88 (57.5) | 0.564 |
| Metformin | 59 (31.2) | 6 (14.3) | 0.044 | 59 (30.1) | 6 (17.1) | 0.172 | 9 (29.0) | 56 (28.0) | 1.000 | 23 (29.5) | 42 (27.5) | 0.864 |
| Laboratory results | ||||||||||||
| Neutrophil, × 107L | 3.8 (3.1,4.9) | 4.8 (3.6, 6.4) | 0.004 | 3.9 (3.1,5.0) | 4.7 (3.7, 5.5) | 0.020 | 3.5 (2.9, 4.8) | 4.0 (3.2, 5.1) | 0.117 | 3.8 (3.1,4.9) | 4.0 (3.2, 5.2) | 0.157 |
| Lymphocyte, × 109/L | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | <0.001 | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) | 1.4 (1.1, 2.0) | 0.024 | 1.9 (1.7, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) | 0.003 | 2.1 (1.8, 2.3) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | <0.001 |
| Red blood cell, × 10S/L | 4.4 (4.0,4.8) | 3.8 (3.4, 4.2) | <0.001 | 4.4 (3.9,4.8) | 4.0 (3.4, 4.2) | <0.001 | 4.4 (4.0,4.6) | 4.3 (3.8, 4.8) | 0.616 | 4.4 (4.0, 4.8) | 4.2 (3.6, 4.7) | 0.057 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 132.7 ± 17.3 | 120.0 ± 19.8 | <0.001 | 132.3 ± 18.1 | 119.4 ± 16.0 | <0.001 | 130.6 ± 14.1 | 130.3 ± 19.0 | 0.933 | 134.0 ± 18.1 | 128.5 ± 18.3 | 0.031 |
| Platelet, × 10p/L | 199.0 (155.0, 234.0) | 184.0 (148.5, 217.0) | 0.453 | 198.0 (154.8, 229.3) | 182.0 (145.0, 224.0) | 0.635 | 210.0 (191.5, 227.0) | 191.5 (149.5, 229.3) | 0.132 | 210.0 (182.8, 256.0) | 185.0 (148.0, 218.0) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 43.1 (40.2, 46.1) | 34.9 (32.9,36.8) | <0.001 | 42.9 (39.8,46.0) | 35.0 (32.9, 36.7) | <0.001 | 44.0 (40.4,45.1) | 41.6 (38.0,45.6) | 0.129 | 44.1 (40.0, 46.4) | 41.2 (36.9,45.0) | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, µmol/L | 14.0 (11.2, 18.4) | 12.1 (8.9, 17.8) | 0.058 | 14.1 (11.3, 18.4) | 10.8 (8.7, 15.2) | 0.003 | 13.2 (10.5, 15.8) | 13.9 (10.8, 18.6) | 0.225 | 13.6 (10.7, 17.1) | 13.9 (10.8, 18.8) | 0.438 |
| Direct bilirubin, //mol/L | 2.6 (1.9,3.3) | 2.6 (1.9,3.7) | 0.870 | 2.6 (2.0,3.3) | 2.1 (1.8,3.4) | 0.230 | 2.1 (1.7, 2.7) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.5) | 0.011 | 2.3 (1.7, 3.1) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.6) | 0.004 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 6.3 (5.1, 8.0) | 7.9 (6.0, 10.1) | 0.002 | 6.5 (5.1,8.3) | 6.8 (5.4, 9.5) | 0.300 | 6.6 (5.2, 7.9) | 6.5 (5.1, 8.4) | 0.993 | 6.7 (5.4, 8.0) | 6.4 (5.1, 8.6) | 0.653 |
| TC, mmol/L | 3.8 (3.3, 4.4) | 3.5 (3.0,3.8) | 0.003 | 3.8 (3.3, 4.4) | 3.7 (3.1,3.9) | 0.099 | 5.2 (5.0, 5.7) | 3.6 (3.2,4.1) | <0.001 | 4.4 (4.0, 5.1) | 3.4 (2.9,3.8) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.271 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.707 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.002 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.2 (1.7, 2.7) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.3) | 0.033 | 2.1 (1.7, 2.7) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) | 0.529 | 3.4 (3.1,3.8) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) | <0.001 | 2.8 (2.3, 3.4) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.2) | <0.001 |
| HbAlC, % | 6.9 (6.3, 7.8) | 6.7 (6.2, 7.4) | 0.171 | 70 (6.4,79) | 6.5 (6.0, 7.2) | 0.008 | 7.0 (6.3, 7.7) | 6.9 (6.3, 7.7) | 0.990 | 6.8 (6.3, 7.4) | 6.9 (6.3, 7.8) | 0.216 |
| NT-pro BNP, pg/mL | 270.1 (135.2, 667.0) | 10470 (612.4, 1279.0) | <0.001 | 278.5 (134.4, 826.0) | 917.3 (438.1, 1181.0) | <0.001 | 175.8 (102.1, 332.6) | 398.1 (186.4, 985.5) | 0.008 | 204.6 (106.0,449.0) | 486.8 (198.3, 1090.0) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiography features | ||||||||||||
| LAD, mm | 40.0 (36.0,43.0) | 41.5 (39.0,44.8) | 0.024 | 40.0 (36.0, 43.0) | 39.0 (36.5,43.0) | 0.621 | 38.0 (35.0,41.0) | 40.0 (37.0, 43.3) | 0.080 | 38.0 (35.0, 41.0) | 41.0 (38.0,44.0) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: PNI, the Prognostic Nutritional Index; GNRI, the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; NPS, the Naples Prognostic Score; CONUT, the Controlling Nutritional Status; BMI, body mass index; SND, sinus node dysfunction; AF, atrial fibrillation; HR, heart rate; HF, heart failure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbAlC, hemoglobin A1C; NT-pro BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; LAD, left atrium diameter.