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. 2026 Jan 27;16:5471. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-35030-6

Table 3.

Pre- and post-intervention scores (Mean ± SD) for all outcome measures by group.

Dependent variable Group Pre-test
Mean ± SD
Post-test
Mean ± SD
TKA (deg) MMG 47.8 ± 2.9 40.5 ± 3.6
FRG 48.1 ± 3.3 40.1 ± 3.2
FHA (deg) MMG 52.1 ± 4.5 44.5 ± 3.8
FRG 51.8 ± 4.2 44.8 ± 4.1
RSA (deg) MMG 55.6 ± 5.1 47.5 ± 4.0
FRG 56.0 ± 4.8 50.1 ± 4.5
VAS Score (0–10) MMG 5.3 ± 1.1 2.8 ± 0.8
FRG 5.1 ± 1.3 3.5 ± 1.0
Shoulder EX ROM (deg) MMG 53.5 ± 6.2 64.3 ± 5.5
FRG 55.2 ± 5.9 61.9 ± 5.1
Shoulder IR ROM (deg) MMG 45.8 ± 4.0 56.2 ± 4.9
FRG 46.5 ± 4.5 53.0 ± 5.1
UQYBT Composite (%) MMG 85.4 ± 5.5 93.1 ± 4.8
FRG 86.0 ± 6.1 92.5 ± 5.2
SF-36 PCS MMG 40.1 ± 6.3 52.5 ± 5.5
FRG 41.5 ± 6.8 48.8 ± 6.0
SF-36 MCS MMG 45.8 ± 7.0 53.9 ± 6.2
FRG 46.5 ± 6.5 51.1 ± 5.8

TKA, thoracic kyphosis angle; FHA, forward head angle; RSA, rounded shoulder angle; VAS, visual analog scale; ER, external rotation; IR, internal rotation; ROM, range of motion; UQYBT, upper quarter Y-balance test; PCS, physical component summary; MCS, mental component summary.