Sweating out stress: sauna bathing’s rising role in mental health recovery

To the Editor,

The burden of mental health issues is escalating globally, particularly among older adults. The global population is experiencing rapid aging, leading to a growing incidence of mental illnesses in the elderly^[1]. In 2020 alone, there were approximately 53.2 million additional cases of major depressive disorder and 76.2 million extra cases of anxiety disorders globally, compared to prepandemic levels^[2]. These surges are compounded by persistent post-COVID effects, where circadian rhythm disruptions and melatonin dysregulation drive ongoing symptoms like cognitive impairment and fatigue, further straining mental health resources^[3]. Many of these issues remain unaddressed due to the stigma associated with mental health conditions. These alarming trends have prompted researchers and healthcare professionals to intensify efforts to identify underlying causes, preventive strategies, and effective treatments. Despite progress in both psychological and pharmacological treatments, there remains a notable gap in mental healthcare services, underscoring the necessity for additional, readily available, and culturally relevant interventions^[1,2].

In this context, sauna bathing has emerged as a promising candidate. It involves regular exposure to elevated temperatures (80–100°C) and low humidity (10–20%). Based on recent scientific evidence it demonstrates significant positive effects on mental health through multiple physiological pathways. Regular sauna sessions reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, improve sleep quality, enhance cognitive function, and may lower long-term risks of neurodegenerative and psychotic disorders. The benefits stem from heat-induced physiological changes, including endorphin release, improved cerebral blood flow, and neuroprotective heat-shock protein expression^[4].

Supporting evidence includes a systematic review that identified several plausible mechanisms, such as enhanced β-endorphin release, reduced systemic inflammation, autonomic nervous system modulation, elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, and improved sleep architecture^[4].

While the potential health benefits of saunas are evident, their safety profile warrants consideration. They are generally considered safe for healthy adults, but may not be suitable for everyone (e.g., those with unstable cardiovascular conditions or impaired thermoregulation). Moreover, the current evidence base has important limitations. A recent study reported that many existing studies have small sample sizes, poor standardization of sauna protocols (duration, frequency, temperature variation, and type of sauna), heterogeneous methods, and a lack of rigorous controls^[5]. Furthermore, the majority of cohort studies have focused on male populations, which might result in a potential bias in the findings^[4]. Thus, more data of higher quality is needed to determine optimal protocols and target populations. A further limitation is the heavy reliance on English-language publications, despite sauna bathing being a deeply rooted cultural practice in countries such as Finland; this may introduce publication and cultural bias^[4,5]. We emphasize that the evidence remains limited and sometimes inconsistent. Therefore, until more conclusive data have emerged, sauna bathing should be seen as an adjunctive lifestyle approach rather than a proven treatment.

To conclude, the rapidly increasing mental health burden among older people and the continuing lack of accessible and culturally suitable interventions make the new evidence about sauna bathing worth serious scientific and clinical attention^[1–3]. The merging of neurophysiological advantages, sleep enhancement, and mood improvement reveals a low-cost, non-medical approach that is still not fully explored in daily mental health practice^[4]. The facts mentioned above call for well-designed randomized trials with standardized sauna protocols, research on diverse and underrepresented populations, and the incorporation of safety-stratified guidelines into mental health policy discussions. In addition, systematic inclusion of non-English literature and region-specific data is necessary to prevent cultural and publication bias in the current evidence base^[4,5]. Strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration between psychiatry, public health, and lifestyle medicine is now crucial to rigorously evaluate the translational potential of sauna bathing within preventive and adjunctive mental healthcare.

This letter to the editor adheres to the Transparency in the Reporting of Artificial Intelligence in Research (TITAN) guideline^[6]. During the preparation of this manuscript, generative AI tools (DeepSeek, DeepSeek Inc., June 2025 version; temperature parameter = 0.7) were used only as auxiliary aids to assist in formatting standardization, organization of background information, and language consistency checks.

All AI-assisted text was thoroughly reviewed, edited, and refined by the authors. The conceptualization, literature interpretation, synthesis of ideas, and manuscript writing were performed entirely by the authors, ensuring the academic rigor, accuracy, and originality of the review.

Ethical approval

Not applicable – this article does not involve original research on human or animal subjects.

Patient consent

Not applicable – no patient identifiable data are included.

Consent

Not applicable.

Source of funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this article.

Author contributions

R.K.N.: conceptualized the topic, contributed to the literature review, and drafted the initial version of the manuscript. U.R.: participated in data interpretation, critical analysis of recent evidence, and contributed to revising the manuscript for intellectual content. S.S.N.: assisted in sourcing and synthesizing relevant studies, ensuring scientific accuracy and proper referencing. M.T.: contributed to the drafting, editing, and organization of the manuscript, enhancing its academic clarity and coherence. R.K.M.: supervised the overall work, critically reviewed and refined the manuscript, ensured adherence to journal and ethical guidelines, and approved the final version for submission as the corresponding author and guarantor.

All authors meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship, take public responsibility for the content, and approve the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest disclosure

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, or publication of this article.

Guarantor

Raghabendra kumar Mahato.

Research registration unique identifying number (UIN)

This is new and not registered anywhere.

Provenance and peer review

Not commissioned.

Data availability statement

No datasets were produced or examined for this article; therefore, data sharing is not relevant.

Acknowledgements

None.