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. 2026 Jan 18;16:5710. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36171-4

Table 1.

Total yield, water productivity (WP), fertilizer cost, and substrate cost of netted melon fruits grown under different combinations of cultivar (C), substrate volume (S), and planting density (D).

Cultivar Substrate volume (L) Planting density Total yield (kg/10a) WPz (kg/m3) Fertilizer cost (10a/USD) Substrate cost (10a/USD)
‘Dalgona’ 10 3 2712 cy 4.1 a 804.8 1085.4
4 3466 a 3.3 c 1085.4
20 3 2477 d 3.7 b 1392.9
4 3141 b 3.1 d 1392.9
‘Hero’ 10 3 3552 c 5.4 a 804.8 1085.4
4 4339 a 4.2 c 1085.4
20 3 3225 d 4.8 b 1392.9
4 3846 b 3.8 d 1392.9
‘Kingstar’ 10 3 3735 a 5.7 a 804.8 1085.4
4 4161 a 4.0 c 1085.4
20 3 3220 b 4.8 b 1392.9
4 4101 a 4.1 c 1392.9
‘F-test’ C *** ***
S *** ***
D *** ***
C×S NS NS
C×D NS ***
S×D NS ***
C×S×D ** **

zWater productivity (WP) was calculated as the total fruit yield (kg/10a) divided by the total amount of irrigation water supplied (m3/10a).

yMean separation within columns by Tukey’s HSD test at P ≤ 0.05.

NS, *, **, ***: Not significant or significant at P < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively.