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. 2026 Jan 29;13:1688908. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1688908

Table 1.

In vitro efficacy of different Quillaja saponaria extracts against ISAv infections in ASK cells.

Product Product concentration (μg/mL) Saponin concentration (μg/mL) Viral copies/mL (104) Infection inhibition (%)
Control 0 0 870.818+/−15.903 0a
VaxSap® 0.48 0.43 0.0005+/−0.0003 >99b
PPQ 0.48 0.31 44.800+/−24.335 95b
NPQ 0.48 0.12 0.010+/−0.007 >99b

Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Different superscript letters (a, b) indicate statistically significant differences between groups at p < 0.05.