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. 2026 Jan 21;16:5929. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36154-5

Table 4.

Comparison of mechanical properties for California sea lion anatomical structures and selected biomimetic materials. Property types include apparent elastic modulus, flexural modulus, and ultimate tensile strength.

Biological Component Sea Lion Value [MPa] Biomimetic Material Value [MPa]
Apparent Elastic Modulus
  Blubber 0.2–3.923 Humimic Gel 0 0.0139
  Muscle 0.0212–0.028224 Humimic Gel 5 0.0021
Flexural Modulus
  Bone 10,000–14,00025 Formlabs Rigid 10 K 6,000–10,00026
Formlabs Draft 600–2,30027
Formlabs Tough 1500 V2 900–137027,28
Ultimate Tensile Strength
  Skin (Dermis + Epidermis) 7.37–30.2623 Formlabs Elastic 50A V2 3.428,29
Formlabs Flexible 80A 8.930