Table 2.

Artificial intelligence chatbot roles, theoretical foundations, and health behavioral change techniques^a.

Paper		Theoretical foundation	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P
Routine coach and on-demand assistant (n=4)
	Davis et al (2020) [49]	NRb	✓c	✓	✓	✓			✓
	Hassoon et al (2021) [38]	NR	✓	✓								✓
	Maher et al (2020) [48]	NR	✓	✓	✓	✓			✓
	Perski et al (2019) [34]	Mohr’s model of supportive accountability					✓		✓
	Category sum	—d	3	3	2	2	1	0	3	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Routine coach (n=27)
	Albino de Queiroz et al (2023) [35]	CBTe		✓					✓
	Albers et al (2023) [47]	NR	✓				✓	✓										✓
	Almusharraf et al (2020) [59]	MIf	✓			✓					✓
	Brown et al (2023) [60]	MI	✓		✓				✓		✓
	Cameron et al (2018) [33]	NR		✓	✓	✓
	Catellani et al (2023) [37]	Multiple theory 1g					✓
	Daley et al (2020) [52]	CBT and positive psychology		✓	✓	✓
	Dhinagaran et al (2021) [67]	COM-Bh			✓	✓
	Figueroa et al (2021) [16]	Multiple theory 2i	✓
	Fitzsimmons‐Craft et al (2022) [39]	CBT		✓	✓	✓				✓					✓
	Medeiros et al (2022) [42]	Emotion self-regulation			✓	✓											✓
	Legaspi et al (2022) [18]	NR	✓	✓		✓			✓						✓
	Karhiy et al (2023) [24]	NR				✓
	Meng and Dai (2021) [23]	NR		✓	✓
	Moore et al (2024) [57]	COM-B and the Theoretical Domains Framework	✓	✓		✓				✓							✓
	Piao et al (2020) [44]	HFMj	✓	✓					✓	✓		✓
	Piao et al (2020) [58]	HFM	✓	✓					✓	✓		✓
	Rahmanti et al (2022) [64]	COM-B	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓			✓
	Sia et al (2021) [66]	NR	✓		✓	✓			✓			✓					✓
	Sun et al (2023) [68]	MI and graded exercise therapy	✓			✓
	Albers et al (2023) [43]	NR	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓
	Aarts et al (2022) [61]	NR		✓
	Holmes et al (2019) [17]	NR		✓	✓
	Griol et al (2022) [63]	NR		✓	✓	✓	✓
	De Nieva et al (2020) [53]	CBT	✓	✓		✓				✓
	Carrasco-Hernandez et al (2020) [46]	CBT and MI		✓	✓		✓										✓
	Masaki et al (2019) [45]	NR	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Category sum	—	14	17	14	16	5	2	8	5	3	5	0	0	2	0	4	1
On-demand assistant (n=12)
	Stephens et al (2019) [41]	Multiple theory 3k	✓	✓	✓
	Danieli et al (2021) [50]	CBT		✓	✓	✓
	Danieli et al (2022) [51]	CBT		✓	✓	✓
	Fadhil et al (2019) [65]	CBT		✓	✓	✓			✓
	Larizza et al (2023) [40]	NR	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Olano-Espinosa et al (2022) [19]	5A clinic practice guideline			✓	✓				✓		✓
	Alghamdi et al (2021) [36]	Multiple theory 4l		✓								✓	✓
	To et al (2021) [20]	COM-B	✓	✓	✓		✓		✓	✓		✓					✓
	Durden et al (2023) [54]	CBT	✓	✓		✓				✓
	Forman-Hoffman et al (2023) [55]	CBT	✓	✓	✓	✓				✓
	Hoffman et al (2023) [56]	CBT	✓	✓	✓	✓				✓
	Prochaska et al (2021) [62]	CBT	✓	✓	✓	✓				✓
	Category sum	—	7	11	10	9	1	0	2	6	0	3	1	0	0	0	1	0
	Total number	—	24	31	26	27	7	2	13	11	3	9	1	0	2	0	5	1

^aA: goals and planning; B: feedback and monitoring; C: social support; D: shaping knowledge; E: natural consequences; F: comparison of behavior; G: associations; H: repetition and substitution; I: comparison of outcomes; J: reward and threat; K: regulation; L: antecedents; M: identity; N: scheduled consequences; O: self-belief; P: covert learning.

^bNR: not reported.

^c✓: The study reported the results of this theme or subtheme.

^dNot applicable.

^eCBT: cognitive behavioral therapy.

^fMI: motivational interviewing.

^gMultiple theory 1: elaboration likelihood model, the self-regulatory model of message framing, the regulatory focus theory, and theories of emotions.

^hCOM-B: capability, opportunity, motivation—behavior.

ⁱMultiple theory 2: MI, behavioral activation, acceptance and commitment therapy, and solution-focused brief therapy.

^jHFM: habit formation model.

^kMultiple theory 3: CBT, MI, and emotionally focused therapy.

^lMultiple theory 4: chronic-disease extended model extending from the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, diffusion of innovation theory, social norms theory, and the transtheoretical model.