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. 2026 Feb 5;26(3):1050. doi: 10.3390/s26031050
BLDC Brushless DC Motor
EKF Extended Kalman Filter
AEKF Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter
SMO Sliding Mode Observer
MRAS Model Reference Adaptive System
back-EMF Back Electromotive Force
PLL Phase-Locked Loop
PI Proportional-Integral
SVPWM Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation