Skip to main content
. 2026 Feb 2;15(3):461. doi: 10.3390/plants15030461
ABTS 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
DPPH 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
ESI Electrospray ionization
FeCl3·6H2O Ferric chloride hexahydrate
FeSO4·7H2O Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate
FLR Fluorescence
FRAP Ferric-reducing antioxidant power
GAE Gallic acid equivalents
GtE Galeopsis tetrahit extract
HH Half height
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
IC50 Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
ICH International Council for Harmonisation
LC–MS/MS Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
LOD Limit of detection
LOQ Limit of quantification
m/z Mass-to-charge ratio
MS Mass spectrometry
PDA Photodiode array
PhGs Phenylethanoid glycosides
QE Quercetin equivalents
r Correlation coefficient
r2 Coefficient of determination
RMSD Root-mean-square deviation
RSD Relative standard deviation
SD Standard deviation
TFC Total flavonoid content
TPC Total phenolic content
TPTZ 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine
tR Retention time
UHPLC Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
USP United States Pharmacopoeia
UV Ultraviolet