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. 2026 Jan 24;16:6105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-35619-x

Table 8.

Sources and quantification of numerical uncertainty.

Uncertainty source Evaluation method Key quantity Uncertainty (%) Remarks
Grid resolution Grid independence (6 levels) Tout 1.11 2.1 million
Time step size Time step size (3 levels) Tw 0.89 0.08-0.007.08.007.08.007.08.007 s
Numerical scheme 2nd-order vs 1 st order upwind Nuav 1.72 1 st order
Property interpolation Polynomial vs linear and constant Nuav 1.25 Polynomial