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. 2026 Jan 23;16:6084. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-37247-x

Table 2.

Summary of observed trends for bias and variance.

ML model Bias trend (up:down) in datasets Variance trend (up:down) in datasets
Large Medium Small All Large Medium Small All
DT 3:1 2:2 1:3 6:6 4:0 4:0 4:0 12:0
KNN 2:2 4:0 4:0 10:2 4:0 4:0 4:0 12:0
LR 4:0 2:2 1:3 7:5 4:0 4:0 4:0 12:0
SVM 3:1 4:0 3:1 10:2 4:0 4:0 4:0 12:0