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. 2026 Jan 22;16:5998. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36327-2

Table 13.

Corporate debt heterogeneity.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
M1 M2 M3 M11 M21 M31
DDD 0.341*** 0.279 * * 0.374*** −0.0352 −0.0504 −0.0375
[0.1262] [0.1239] [0.1284] [0.1312] [0.1292] [0.1313]
SI 0.00902*** 0.00612***
[0.0006] [0.0005]
CI 0.00645*** 0.000542
[0.0006] [0.0005]
DD 0.312*** 0.318*** 0.284*** 0.114 * * 0.120 * * 0.113 * *
[0.0703] [0.0700] [0.0690] [0.0517] [0.0517] [0.0517]
treat 0.0513 0.0690 −0.0177 −0.0474 −0.0747 −0.0475
[0.1179] [0.1157] [0.1204] [0.1235] [0.1213] [0.1236]
treat 0.244*** 0.234*** 0.210*** 0.0462 0.0548 0.0474
[0.0669] [0.0667] [0.0657] [0.0490] [0.0491] [0.0490]
group 0.143*** 0.0775 * * 0.176*** 0.0227 0.0882*** 0.0215
[0.0374] [0.0374] [0.0376] [0.0315] [0.0317] [0.0315]
LnAssets 0.564*** 0.532*** 0.577*** 0.350*** 0.327*** 0.351***
[0.0175] [0.0177] [0.0174] [0.0165] [0.0167] [0.0166]
Leverage 0.730*** 0.708*** 0.735*** 0.692*** 0.539*** 0.700***
[0.1310] [0.1304] [0.1298] [0.1258] [0.1258] [0.1261]
ROA 0.0741 0.0282 0.125 2.524*** 2.567*** 2.486 * *
[0.1843] [0.1854] [0.1825] [0.9660] [0.9584] [0.9705]
ROE 0.0418 * * 0.0460 * * 0.0420 * * 2.104*** 2.094*** 2.084***
[0.0187] [0.0193] [0.0185] [0.7248] [0.7193] [0.7271]
Cash −0.169 −0.215 −0.118 0.743*** 0.796*** 0.727***
[0.1811] [0.1776] [0.1785] [0.1640] [0.1628] [0.1648]
Growth 0.00000252*** −0.00000426*** - 0.00000253*** 0.0168*** 0.0141*** 0.0170***
[0.0000] [0.0000] [0.0000] [0.0035] [0.0032] [0.0036]
BM 0.129*** 0.127*** 0.120*** 0.0754 * −0.0656 0.0749 *
[0.0145] [0.0143] [0.0144] [0.0422] [0.0419] [0.0422]
Q 0.0271*** 0.0318*** 0.0225*** 0.00413*** 0.00620*** 0.00402***
[0.0052] [0.0058] [0.0047] [0.0013] [0.0013] [0.0013]
LnAge 0.248*** 0.209*** 0.240*** 0.0846*** 0.0733 * * 0.0843***
[0.0469] [0.0466] [0.0466] [0.0321] [0.0318] [0.0321]
SOE 0.0988*** 0.0827*** 0.129*** 0.125*** 0.122*** 0.126***
[0.0321] [0.0318] [0.0318] [0.0282] [0.0282] [0.0282]
_cons 10.27*** 9.405*** 10.78*** 6.739*** 6.036*** 6.789***
[0.4073] [0.4121] [0.4068] [0.3483] [0.3563] [0.3538]

(1) M1: The effect of carbon trading policy for highly indebted enterprises on green technology innovation.

(2) M2: The mediating role of SI (Supplier concentration) in highly indebted enterprises.

(3) M3: The mediating role of CI (customer concentration) in highly indebted enterprises.

(4) M11: The effect of carbon trading policies on green technology innovation in low-debt enterprises.

(5) M21: The mediating role of SI (Supplier concentration) in low debt firms.

(6) M31: Mediating role of CI (customer concentration) in low debt enterprises.