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. 2026 Jan 22;16:5998. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-36327-2

Table 4.

Regression of alternative dependent variables.

(1) (2) (3) (5) (4)
GI GUMI PGI PGUMI PGP
DDD 0.140 * * 0.239*** 0.0224 * 0.0209 * 0.0147 *
[0.0540] [0.0532] [0.0120] [0.0111] [0.0114]
DD 0.196*** 0.118*** 0.0313*** 0.00582 0.0237***
[0.0236] [0.0232] [0.0054] [0.0049] [0.0050]
treat 0.0298 0.0696 0.0248 * * −0.0127 −0.0165
[0.0485] [0.0474] [0.0111] [0.0104] [0.0108]
treat 0.0696*** 0.0659*** 0.0104 * * 0.00481 −0.00477
[0.0218] [0.0217] [0.0050] [0.0047] [0.0047]
group 0.0584*** 0.0543*** 0.0270*** 0.0224*** 0.0280***
[0.0157] [0.0148] [0.0038] [0.0031] [0.0034]
LnAssets 0.407*** 0.326*** 0.0244*** 0.0143*** 0.0183***
[0.0083] [0.0077] [0.0013] [0.0011] [0.0012]
Leverage 0.0790 * * 0.201*** 0.0172 * * 0.0344*** 0.0256***
[0.0344] [0.0328] [0.0077] [0.0065] [0.0071]
ROA 0.172 * * −0.0915 0.0377 * −0.0156 0.0344 *
[0.0777] [0.0841] [0.0218] [0.0164] [0.0207]
ROE 0.0037 0.0439 * * 0.00889 * * 0.0108 * * 0.0105***
[0.0111] [0.0219] [0.0037] [0.0042] [0.0041]
Cash 0.306*** 0.283*** 0.0514*** 0.0534*** 0.0571***
[0.0752] [0.0720] [0.0174] [0.0137] [0.0161]
Growth −0.00000234 0.00000274 * 0.000000633*** 000000426*** 0.000000603***
[0.0000] [0.0000] [0.0000] [0.0000] [0.0000]
BM 0.0908*** 0.0480*** 0.00596*** 0.00299*** 0.00386***
[0.0076] [0.0074] [0.0012] [0.0011] [0.0011]
Q 0.0148*** 0.00656*** 0.000968 * * 0.00121*** 0.00121***
[0.0026] [0.0010] [0.0004] [0.0004] [0.0005]
LnAge 0.145*** 0.208*** 0.00673 * 0.0102*** −0.00379
[0.0174] [0.0171] [0.0037] [0.0031] [0.0033]
SOE 0.0784*** 0.106*** 0.0164*** 0.0177*** 0.0169***
[0.0137] [0.0129] [0.0029] [0.0024] [0.0026]
_cons 7.867*** 6.052*** 0.417*** 0.215*** 0.297***
[0.1779] [0.1632] [0.0293] [0.0241] [0.0262]

(1) GI: GI (number of green inventions filed that year) regression result as explanatory variable.

(2) GUMI: GUMI (number of green utility models filed that year) as regression result of explanatory variable.

(3) PGI: PGI (the ratio of the number of green inventions to the total number of inventions in that year) as the regression result of the explanatory variable.

(4) PGUMI: PGUMI (the ratio of the number of green utility models to the number of total utility models in that year) as the regression result of the explanatory variable.

(5) PGP: PGP (the ratio of the number of green patents filed in the year to the total number of patents) as the regression result of the explanatory variable.