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. 2026 Jan 30;17:1758739. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1758739

Table 3.

Subgroup analysis of effect sizes by publication type.

Publication type k SMD (95% CI) Weight, % 95% CI 95% CI I2, 100%
Lower Upper
Conference paper (Ref) 3 0.373 11.5 0.015 0.732 89.90%
Journal article 15 0.338 57.7 −0.027 0.703
Dissertation 8 0.2 30.8 −0.231 0.631

Test for subgroup differences (Between-group heterogeneity): χ2 = 1.03, df = 2, p = 0.596. k, number of studies; SMD, Standardized Mean Difference; CI, Confidence Interval; I2, measure of heterogeneity; Ref, Reference group.