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. 2026 Jan 30;8:1689865. doi: 10.3389/frai.2025.1689865

Table 13.

Comparison of train, validation, and test accuracy for different models.

Model Train accuracy Validation accuracy Test accuracy
DenseNet201 0.9980 0.9890 0.9878
InceptionV3 0.9989 0.9841 0.9830
VGG19 0.9930 0.9670 0.9732
Xception 0.9988 0.9792 0.9781
NASNetMobile 0.9819 0.9609 0.9611
LeafSightX (proposed) 0.9998 0.9902 0.9964