Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted association between red blood cell membrane fatty acids and measures of kidney function.
| Fatty acids | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | |
| Saturated fatty acids | ||||||
| 14:0 (myristic acid) | −106.22 | −155.27 to −57.17 | < 0.0001 | −121.78 | −179.11 to −64.46 | < 0.0001 |
| 16:0 (palmitic acid) | −2.60 | −4.75 to −0.45 | 0.018 | −4.54 | −7.18 to −1.90 | 0.001 |
| 18:0 (stearic acid) | 6.83 | 4.05 to 9.61 | < 0.0001 | 6.12 | 2.57 to 9.67 | 0.001 |
| 20:0 (arachidic acid) | −51.30 | −95.65 to −6.95 | 0.023 | −82.31 | −138.95 to −25.66 | 0.004 |
| 22:0 (behenic acid) | −20.78 | −30.90 to −10.66 | < 0.0001 | −28.93 | −41.36 to −16.51 | < 0.0001 |
| 24:0 (lignoceric acid) | −7.92 | −11.70 to −4.13 | < 0.0001 | −12.44 | −17.15 to −7.73 | < 0.0001 |
| Total SFA | −1.68 | −3.48 to 0.13 | 0.069 | −4.85 | −7.10 to −2.63 | < 0.0001 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids | ||||||
| 16:1n-7 (palmitoleic acid) | −6.65 | −29.17 to 15.88 | 0.563 | −8.1 | −34.31 to 18.10 | 0.544 |
| 18:1n-7 (cis-vaccenic acid) | 28.19 | 12.99 to 43.40 | < 0.0001 | 21.49 | 3.66 to 39.31 | 0.018 |
| 18:1n-9 (oleic acid) | −2.60 | −5.08 to −0.13 | 0.039 | −0.31 | −3.43 to 2.82 | 0.846 |
| 20:1n-9 (eicosenoic acid) | −47.99 | −134.05 to 38.07 | 0.274 | −64.53 | −173.87 to 44.82 | 0.247 |
| 22:1n-9 (erucic acid) | −113.76 | −304.48 to 76.96 | 0.242 | −148.54 | −367.48 to 70.39 | 0.183 |
| 24:1n-9 (nervonic acid) | −3.56 | −8.02 to 0.90 | 0.117 | −9.21 | −14.71 to −3.71 | 0.001 |
| Total n-7 MUFA | 12.46 | 1.62 to 23.31 | 0.024 | 8.84 | −3.85 to 21.52 | 0.172 |
| Total n-9 MUFA | −3.14 | −5.38 to −0.90 | 0.006 | −2.71 | −5.45 to 0.03 | 0.053 |
| Total MUFA | −2.24 | −4.32 to −0.16 | 0.035 | −1.89 | −4.39 to 0.60 | 0.137 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | ||||||
| 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid) | 1.31 | −0.48 to 3.09 | 0.151 | 1.40 | −0.81 to 3.62 | 0.214 |
| 18:3n-3 (alpha-linolenic acid) | 39.17 | −90.65 to 168.99 | 0.554 | 40.6 | −123.07 to 204.27 | 0.626 |
| 18:3n-6 (gamma-linolenic acid) | −93.02 | −231.88 to 45.84 | 0.189 | −158.8 | −311.66 to 5.94 | 0.042 |
| 20:2n-6 (eicosadienoic acid) | 81.55 | 31.57 to 131.54 | 0.001 | 92.79 | 31.12 to 154.47 | 0.003 |
| 20:3n-3 (eicosatrienoic acid) | 224.21 | 64.98 to 383.44 | 0.006 | 199.35 | 9.44 to 389.26 | 0.040 |
| 20:3n-6 (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid) | −1.92 | −9.20 to 5.36 | 0.604 | −2.22 | −11.33 to 6.89 | 0.633 |
| 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid) | 1.21 | −0.56 to 2.97 | 0.181 | 2.03 | −0.19 to 4.25 | 0.072 |
| 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) | 5.21 | −5.63 to 16.05 | 0.346 | 16.95 | 2.23 to 31.67 | 0.024 |
| 22:2n-6 (docosadienoic acid) | −91.72 | −194.57 to 11.13 | 0.080 | −167.63 | −304.02 to 31.25 | 0.016 |
| 22:4n-6 (adrenic acid) | 5.61 | 1.24 to 9.97 | 0.012 | 0.38 | −5.24 to 5.99 | 0.895 |
| 22:5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid, DPAn-3) | 5.39 | −2.03 to 12.81 | 0.154 | 13.67 | 4.53 to 22.81 | 0.003 |
| 22:5n-6 (docosapentaenoic acid, DPAn-6) | 12.13 | −4.22 to 28.49 | 0.146 | 2.528 | −18.39 to 23.44 | 0.813 |
| 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) | −1.47 | −3.85 to 0.91 | 0.224 | 2.90 | −0.26 to 6.05 | 0.072 |
| Total n-3 PUFA | −0.32 | −2.18 to 1.54 | 0.737 | 3.22 | 0.81 to 5.64 | 0.009 |
| Total n-6 PUFA | 1.74 | 0.50 to 2.98 | 0.006 | 1.81 | 0.21 to 3.40 | 0.0260 |
| Total PUFA | 1.72 | 0.43 to 3.01 | 0.009 | 3.22 | 1.63 to 4.81 | < 0.0001 |
| Estimated desaturase indices, elongase indices and ratios | ||||||
| Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) | 0.75 | −0.41 to 1.90 | 0.206 | 0.78 | −0.69 to 2.26 | 0.296 |
| Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) | −43.79 | −110.81 to 23.23 | 0.200 | −46.26 | −130.12 to 37.60 | 0.279 |
| Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase-1-16 (SCD1-16) | −126.58 | −646.64 to 393.48 | 0.633 | −126.02 | −729.01 to 476.97 | 0.682 |
| Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase-1-18 (SCD1-18) | −60.75 | −90.16 to −31.35 | < 0.0001 | −37.16 | −75.30 to 0.97 | 0.056 |
| Elongase | 83.86 | 46.42 to 121.28 | < 0.0001 | 99.67 | 52.79 to 146.56 | < 0.0001 |
| Omega-3 index | −0.94 | −3.04 to 1.16 | 0.378 | 2.90 | 0.11 to 5.70 | 0.042 |
| Lipogenic index | −9.51 | −17.55 to −1.48 | 0.020 | −12.22 | −22.19 to −2.25 | 0.016 |
| Tn-6/Tn-3 | 2.01 | −1.21 to 5.23 | 0.221 | −2.84 | −6.83 to 1.15 | 0.163 |
| AA/LA | −2.94 | −11.80 to 5.91 | 0.514 | −1.10 | −12.53 to 10.33 | 0.850 |
| AA/EPA | −0.01 | −0.21 to 0.19 | 0.898 | −0.21 | −0.47 to 0.05 | 0.108 |
| AA/(EPA + DHA) | 2.89 | −1.06 to 6.83 | 0.151 | −1.84 | −6.73 to 3.05 | 0.461 |
| DPAn-6/DHA | 50.12 | −5.50 to 105.73 | 0.077 | −18.41 | −87.84 to 51.02 | 0.603 |
| tHUFAn-6/tHUFAn-3 | 2.73 | −1.97 to 7.43 | 0.255 | −4.19 | −10.07 to 1.70 | 0.163 |
Data represents β-coefficient, 95% confidence interval and p-value. Models are adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, BMI, SBP, HbA1c, TG, LDL-C, CRP, prevalent T2D, and the interaction between T2D and the various fatty acids. Abbreviations: Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; D5D, ratio of 20:4n-6/20:3n-6; D6D, ratio of 20:3n-6/18:2n-6; omega-3 index, sum of 20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3; lipogenic index, ratio of 16:0/18:2n-6; SCD1-16, ratio of 16:1n-7/16:0; SCD1-18, ratio of 18:1n-9/18:0; AA/LA, ratio of 20:4n-6/18:2n-6; AA/EPA, ratio of 20:4n-6/20:5n-3; AA/(EPA + DHA), ratio of 20:4n-6/(20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3); DPAn6/DHA, ratio of 22:5n-6/22:6n-3; tHUFAn-6/tHUFAn-3, ratio of total highly unsaturated n-6 fatty acids/total highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids.