Table 2.

Active compounds of various herbal plants and their antimicrobial activity.

Common name	Scientific name	Compound	Classic	Activity	Reference
Ashwagandha	Withania somniferum	Withaferin A	Lactones	Bacteria, Fungi	(182)
Black Pepper	Piper nigrum	Piperine	Alkaloid	Fungi, E. coli Lactobacillus	(183)
Ceylon cinnamon	Cinnamomum verum	Cinnamaldehyde, Coumarin	Terpenoids, Tannins	General	(184)
Chili peppers	Capsicum annuum	Capsaicin	Terpenoid	Bacteria	(185)
Cloves	Syzygium aromaticum	Eugenol	Terpenoid	General	(186)
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus globulous	Eucalyptol	Polyphenol, Terpenoids	Bacteria, Viruses	(187)
Fava bean	Vicia faba	Thionine	Thionin,	Bacteria	(188)
Garlic	Allium sativum	Allicin, Ajoene	Sulfoxides, Sulfated terpenoids	General	(189)
Ginseng	Panax notoginseng	Ginsenosides	Saponin	E. coli, Sporothrix schenckii, Staphylococcus	(190)
Green tea	Camellia sinensis	Catechins	Flavonoids	General, Shigella, Vibrio, S. mutans, Viruses	(191)
Harmel/Syrian Rue	Peganum harmala	β-carbolines	—	Bacteria, Fungi	(192)
Hemp	Cannabis sativa	Olivetolic acid	Organic acid	Bacteria and viruses	(193)
Lemon verbena	Aloysia triphylla	Volatile compounds	Terpenoid	E. coli, M. tuberculosis, S. aureus, Ascaris	(194)
Marigold	Calendula officinalis	Carotenoids	Xanthophyll	Bacteria	(195)
Oak	Quercus rubra	Tannins, Quercetin	Polyphenols, Flavonoids	General	(196)
Olive	Olea europaea	Hexanal	Aldehydes	General	(197)
Onion	Allium cepa	Isoalliin	Sulfoxides	Bacteria, Candida	(198)
Orange peel	Citrus sinensis	Terpene	Terpenoid	Fungous	(199)
Papaya	Carica papaya	Latex	Terpenoids, organic acids, alkaloids	General	(200)
Peppermint	Mentha × piperita	Menthol	Terpenoid	General	(201)
Potato	Solanum tuberosum	Phenolic acids	Flavonoids	Bacteria, Fungi	(202)
Rosemary	Rosmarinus officinalis	Camphoriferum	Terpenoid	General	(203)
Thyme	Thymus vulgaris	Caffeic acid, Thymol Tannins	Terpenoid, Phenolic alcohol, Polyphenols, Flavones	Viruses, bacteria, fungi	(204)
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Curcumin	Terpenoids	Bacteria, protozoa	(205)