Table 2. Characteristics of eligible studies.
| Study | Source of sample | Sample size ( n ) | Age (years) | Intervention (type) | Mode, frequency and duration | Outcomes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | C | ||||||
| Cai et al. (2023) | Chronic physical illness | 47 | 67.79 ± 5.59 | Baduanjin | Cognitive training | Exercise class: 60 min × 2 times per week × 12 weeks |
Subjective well-being |
| Carcelén-Fraile et al. (2022) | Postmenopausal women | 117 | 69.73 ± 6.44 | Baduanjin | Daily activities | Exercise class: 60 min × 2 times per week, 12 weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| Chan, Yu & Choi (2017) | Hidden elderly | 46 | 77.31 ± 7.46 | Tai chi | Usual care | Exercise class: 60 min × 2 times per week × 12 weeks self-practice: 30 min × 1 time per day × 12 weeks |
Anxiety, depression, self-esteem |
| Chen et al. (2024) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 472 | 61.9 ± 10.66 | Baduanjin | 1. usual care 2. conventional rehabilitation |
Self-practice: 30 min × 10 times per week × 24 weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| Cheng et al. (2012) | Mild dementia | 36 | 81.8 ± 6.36 | Tai chi | 1. placebo 2. mahjong |
Exercise class: 60 min × 3 times per week × 12 weeks |
Depression |
| Chou et al. (2004) | Depressive disorders | 14 | 72.6 ± 4.2 | Tai chi | Wait-list | Exercise class: 45 min × 3 times per week × 12 weeks |
Depression |
| Ge et al. (2021) | Pre-frail elderly people | 65 | 71.56 ± 6.16 | Tai chi | Usual care | Exercise class: 60 min × 3 times per week × 8 weeks |
Depression |
| He et al. (2024a) | Sleep disturbances | 38 | 69.24 ± 4.72 | Tai chi | Usual treatments | Exercise class: 60 min × 3 times per week × 4 weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| He et al. (2024b) | Sleep disturbances | 152 | 67.68 ± 4.98 | Tai chi | Low-intensity physical exercise | Exercise class: 60 min × 3 times per week × 4 weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| Hsu et al. (2016) | Long-term care residents | 60 | 81.25 ± 8.12 | Tai chi | Usual care | Exercise class: 40 min × 3 times per week × 26 weeks |
Depression |
| Huang et al. (2019) | Mild dementia | 80 | 81.9 ± 6.01 | Tai chi | Usual treatments | Exercise class: 20 min × 3 times per week × 40 weeks |
Depression |
| Huang et al. (2025) | Depressive symptoms | 240 | 69.58 ± 6.95 | Tai chi | Aerobic exercise | Exercise class: 60 min × 3 times per week × 12 weeks |
Depression |
| Irwin et al. (2014) | Insomnia | 123 | 65.55 ± 6.97 | Tai chi | 1. sleep seminar 2. cognitive training |
Exercise class: 120 min × 3 times per week × 16 weeks |
Depression |
| Jing et al. (2018) | Elderly housebound | 79 | 75.16 ± 6.04 | Baduanjin | Cognitive training | Exercise class: 60–90 min × 1 time every two weeks × 12 weeks |
Depression |
| Kerkez & Erci (2024) | General elderly | 114 | 71.34 ± 4.14 | Tai chi | Non-intervention | Exercise class: 35–40 min × 3 times per week × 6 weeks |
Depression |
| Kilpatrick et al. (2022) | Depressive disorders | 40 | 67.62 ± 6.47 | Tai chi | Health education | Exercise class: 60 min × 1 time per week × 12 weeks self-practice: 20 min × 1 time per day × 12 weeks |
Depression |
| Krause-Sorio et al. (2024) | Depressive disorders | 49 | 67.98 ± 6.12 | Tai chi | Health education | Exercise class: 60 min × 1 time per week × 12 weeks self-practice: 20 min × 1 time per day × 12 weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| Kutner et al. (1997) | Healthy older adults | 130 | 76.2 | Tai chi | 1. health education 2. balance training |
Exercise class: 45 min × 2 times per week × 15 weeks |
Self-esteem |
| Lam et al. (2012) | Cognitive decline | 389 | 77.82 ± 6.48 | Tai chi | Stretching and toning exercise | Exercise class: 30 min × 3 times per week × 48 weeks |
Depression |
| Lee et al. (2019) | Chronic physical illness | 30 | >60 | Baduanjin | Cognitive training | Exercise class: 2 times per week × 12 weeks |
Anxiety, depression, well-being |
| Liang et al. (2020) | Elderly housebound | 48 | 71.88 ± 4.44 | Tai chi | 1. exercise advice 2. exercise snacking |
Self-practice: 5 min × 2 times per day × 4weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| Liu et al. (2018) | Depressive disorders | 60 | 61.31 ± 3.92 | Tai chi | Normal lifestyle | Exercise class: 60 min × 3 times per week × 24 weeks |
Depression |
| Luo et al. (2023) | moderate to severe COPD | 226 | 67.74 ± 6.95 | Tai chi | conventional therapy, exercise advice, and health education | Self-practice: 30 min × 5 times per week × 52 weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| Ma et al. (2018) | hypertension | 158 | 69.98 ± 10.52 | Tai chi | Usual care | Exercise class: 90 min × 2 times per week × 5 weeks self-practice: 60 min/ session, 3–5 session/week, 24 weeks |
Depression |
| Martínez et al. (2014) | care rehabilitation facility | 58 | 74.3 ± 8.2 | Liuzijue | Usual care and rehabilitation | Exercise class: 90 min × 2 times per week × 4 weeks |
Depression |
| Qiu et al. (2024) | private medical centre | 200 | 60-66 | Tai chi | Non-intervention | Exercise class: 1 time per week × 24 weeks |
Depression |
| Moon et al. (2020) | Parkinson’s disease | 17 | 66.14 ± 6.58 | Liuzijue | Sham qigong | Exercise class: 45–60 min × 1 time per week × 12 weeks, self-practice: 15–20 min × 2 times per day × 12 weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| Noradechanunt, Worsley & Groeller (2017) | Sedentary elderly | 39 | 66.6 ± 6.7 | Tai chi | 1. exercise advice 2. Thai Yoga |
Exercise class: 90 min × 2 times per week × 12 weeks self-practice: 20 min × 1 time every other day × 12 weeks |
Depression |
| Redwine et al. (2020) | Heart failure | 69 | 65 ± 10 | Tai chi | 1. usual treatments 2.resistance band exercise |
Exercise class: 45–60 min × 3 times per week × 16 weeks, self-practice: 10–20 min × 1 time per non-class day × 12 weeks |
Depression |
| Roswiyani et al. (2019) | Nursing homes | 195 | 73.44 ± 9.13 | Baduanjin | 1. non-intervention 2. art activities |
Exercise class: 90 min × 2 times per week × 8 weeks |
Depression |
| Solianik et al. (2021) | General elderly | 30 | 60–78 | Tai chi | Non-intervention | Exercise class: 60 min × 2 times per week × 10 weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| Su, Wang & Meng (2021) | Memory complaints | 65 | 64.89 ± 6.41 | Baduanjin | Gymnastics practice | Exercise class: 60 min × 5 times per week × 12 weeks |
Self-efficacy |
| Taylor-Piliae et al. (2014) | Stroke survivors | 145 | 69.9 ± 10 | Tai chi | 1. usual care 2. strength and movement exercises |
Exercise class: 60 min × 3 times per week × 12 weeks |
Depression |
| Tousignant et al. (2012) | High risk for a fall | 152 | 79.9 ± 6.2 | Tai chi | Usual rehabilitation | Exercise class: 60 min × 2 times per week × 15 weeks |
Self-efficacy |
| Tsang et al. (2003) | Chronic physical illnesses | 50 | 74.67 ± 9.03 | Baduanjin | Usual rehabilitation | Exercise class: 60 min × 2 times per week × 12 weeks |
Depression |
| Tsang et al. (2006) | Depressive disorders and chronic medical illnes | 82 | 82.37 ± 7.01 | Baduanjin | Newspaper reading | Exercise class: 45–60 min × 3 times per week × 16 weeks self-practice: 15 min × 1 time per day × 16 weeks |
Depression, self-efficacy, subjective well-being |
| Tsang et al. (2013) | Depressive disorders and chronic medical illnes | 38 | 80.11 ± 5.63 | Baduanjin | Newspaper reading | Exercise class: 45 min × 3 times per week × 12 weeks |
Depression, self-efficacy, |
| Wang et al. (2010) | Cerebral vascular disorder |
34 | 77.06 ± 10.95 | Tai chi | Usual rehabilitation | Exercise class: 50 min × 1 time per week × 12 weeks |
Anxiety, depression |
| Wang et al. (2023) | General elderly | 80 | 60–69 | Tai chi | Normal lifestyle | Exercise class: 60 min × 4 times per week × 12 weeks |
Subjective well-being |
| Wu et al. (2017) | High risk for a fall | 120 | 65–80 | Baduanjin | Normal lifestyle | Exercise class: 2 times per day × 4weeks |
Anxiety |
| Xiao et al. (2023) | General elderly | 56 | 68.85 ± 5.02 | Yijinjing | Normal lifestyle | Exercise class: 40 min × 3 times per week × 8 weeks |
Self-esteem |
| Ying, Shen & Wang (2019) | Insomnia | 74 | 71.93 ± 3.67 | Baduanjin | Walking exercise | Exercise class: 60 min × 5 times per week × 12 weeks |
Anxiety |
Notes.
- T
- TCEs group
- C
- Control group
- COPD
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease