Table 2.
Basic features of the prediction models of the included studies.
| Author (year) | Modeling methods | Variable screening method | Modeling methods | EPV | AUC (training/validation) | Model validation method | Model calibration method | Missing data processing method | Continuous data processing method | Model presentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li Yinglong* (2020) (17) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 30.333 | 0.805/0.816 | Internal validation | Hosmer Lemeshow test, Calibration plot | Exclusion included | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| Huang Tingping* (2022) (18) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR, SVM, RF | 4.667 | 0.770/− | – | Hosmer Lemeshow test, Calibration plot | – | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| Li Xinyi* (2024) (19) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 8.000 | 0.875/− | Internal validation | – | – | Continuous variable | – |
| Yong Liao (2023) (20) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 11.800 | 0.828/0.846 | Internal validation (Bootstrap) | Calibration plot | Exclusion included | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| Yang Yang (2021) (16) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 14.000 | 0.978/0.969 | Internal validation | Calibration plot | Exclusion included | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| Kejia Li (2024) (21) | Prognostic model | Single-factor analysis | Cox regression | 12.333 | 0.806/0.751 | Internal validation | Calibration plot | - | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| Yang Yang (2022) (22) | Classification model | Lasso regression, backward selection | LR | 7.286 | 0.901/0.903 | Internal validation | Hosmer Lemeshow test, Calibration plot | Exclusion included | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| Okan İnce (2023) (23) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR, SVM, CatBoost | 15.000 | SVM: 0.830/0.820 LR: 0.840/0.830 CATBOOST: 0.900/0.830 | Internal validation (K-fold cross validation) | – | Exclusion included | Continuous variable | – |
| Sihang Cheng (2024) (24) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis, lasso regression | LR, SVM, RF | 2.818 | SVM: 0.990/0.800 LR: 0.910/0.830 RF: 1.000/0.690 | External validation | – | Exclusion included | Continuous variable | – |
| Chongtu Yang (2022) (25) | Classification model | Lasso regression | LR | 15.250 | 0.770/0.750 | External verification | Hosmer Lemeshow test, Calibration plot, Brier score | Multiple interpolation | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| Sihang Cheng (2022) (26) | Classification model | – | LR | 6.000 | 0.899/0.955 | Internal validation (K-fold cross validation) | – | – | Continuous variable | – |
| Xiaochun Yin (2020) (27) | Prognostic model | Single-factor analysis | Cox regression | 23.400 | 0.809/0.783 | Internal validation (Bootstrap) | Calibration plot | Exclusion included | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| Huan Tong (2021) (28) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 12.167 | 0.783/− | Internal validation | – | censored-data analysis | Continuous variable | Formula of risk score |
| Xiaoqiong Chen (2024) (29) | Classification model | Lasso regression | LR | 47.000 | 0.814/0.781 | External validation | Calibration plot | Exclusion included | Continuous variable | Web calculator |
| Yuan Wei* (2021) (30) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 13.667 | 0.828/− | – | Calibration plot | – | Continuous variable | Formula of risk score |
| Zhuo Songbo* (2023) (31) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 11.600 | 0.841/− | – | – | – | Continuous variable | Formula of risk score |
| Yu Xiang* (2021) (32) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 12.000 | 0.723/− | – | – | – | Continuous variable | Formula of risk score |
| Zhang Wenjing* (2024) (33) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 13.500 | 0.800/− | – | – | Exclusion included | Continuous variable | Formula of risk score |
| Wang Lanjing* (2024) (34) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 16.250 | 0.716/− | – | – | – | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| Silvia Nardelli (2016) (35) | Prognostic model | Single-factor analysis | Fine-Gray test | 11.667 | 0.750/− | – | – | – | Continuous variable | Formula of risk score |
| Chuhan Wang (2022) (36) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR | 22.250 | Model 1: 0.64/− Model 2: 0.76/− |
– | Calibration plot | Exclusion included | Categorical variables | Nomogram |
| Chang Peng* (2025) (39) | Classification model | Lasso regression | LR | 8.500 | 0.933/0.944 | Internal validation | Hosmer Lemeshow test | – | Continuous variable | Nomogram |
| DeJia Liu (2025) (38) | Classification model | Single-factor analysis | LR, RF, XGBoost | 11.000 | −/0.825 | Internal validation | Hosmer Lemeshow test, Calibration plot, Brier score | – | Continuous variable | SHAP |
| Gianvincenzo Sparacia (2025) (37) | Classification model | Principal component analysis | MLP, RF, SVC, DT | 3.800 | KNN: −/0.77 | Internal validation | – | – | Continuous variable | – |
*Published in China; –, Not reported in the literature; LR, Logistic regression; SVM, Support vector machine; RF, Random forest; MLP, Multilayer perceptron; KNN, K-nearest neighbor; SVC, Support vector classifier; DT, Decision tree.