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. 2026 Feb 2;17:1644741. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1644741

Table 1.

Participants' characteristics.

Variable Younger adults (Y) Older adults high physical function (HM) Older adults low physical function (LM) Pairwise comparison
Y vs. HM Y vs. LM HM vs. LM
Participants, n 24 29 15
Sex (M/F), n* 11/13 14/15 3/12
Age, years 22.8 ± 3.3 73.5 ± 4.9 75.1 ± 6.8 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.587
BMI, kg/m2 23.4 ± 3.3 25.5 ± 3.7 29.4 ± 5.5 0.172 < 0.001 0.015
SPPB, score 12.0 ± 0.0 11.0 ± 0.8 8.2 ± 0.8 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
400-m walk, min 5.7 ± 0.8 6.1 ± 1.0 6.8 ± 1.1 0.467 0.005 0.049
MoCA, score 28.0 ± 1.6 27.1 ± 1.6 27.3 ± 1.6 0.115 0.387 0.917

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (s.d.), except for participants and sex, which are reported as counts.

BMI, body mass index; SPPB, short physical performance battery; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment.

*Chi-square (χ2) tests were conducted to compare the distribution of sex between groups.