Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and critical variables of the participants
| Variable | Overall (N= 5533) | Health poverty vulnerability |  |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (N =5033) | Yes (N = 500) | ||||
| Biological and genetic factors dimension | |||||
| Gender | 0.069 | 0.792 | |||
| Male | 3306(59.75) | 3010(59.81) | 296(59.20) | ||
| Female | 2227(40.25) | 2023(40.19) | 204(40.80) | ||
| Age(years) | 61.36(9.88) | 60.02(9.10) | 74.83(6.82) | -35.395 | < 0.001 |
| Individual lifestyle dimension | |||||
| Self-assessment of health status | 81.119 | < 0.001 | |||
| Very good | 209(3.78) | 192(3.81) | 17(3.40) | ||
| good | 1006(18.18) | 955(18.97) | 51(10.20) | ||
| fair | 1692(30.58) | 1582(31.43) | 110(22.00) | ||
| average | 1799(32.51) | 1605(31.89) | 194(38.80) | ||
| poor | 827(14.95) | 699(13.89) | 128(25.60) | ||
| Nighttime sleep duration | 33.935 | < 0.001 | |||
| < 7 h | 1912(34.56) | 1691(33.60) | 221(44.20) | ||
| 7 ~ 8 h | 3252(58.77) | 3019(59.98) | 233(46.60) | ||
| > 8 h | 369(6.67) | 323(6.42) | 46(9.20) | ||
| Nap duration | 0.503 | 0.778 | |||
| < 30 min | 982(17.75) | 899(17.86) | 83(16.60) | ||
| 30 ~ 60 min | 3737(67.54) | 3394(67.43) | 343(68.60) | ||
| > 60 min | 814(14.71) | 740(14.70) | 74(14.80) | ||
| Exercise frequency | 82.813 | < 0.001 | |||
| 6 times or more | 1332(24.07) | 1273(25.29) | 59(11.80) | ||
| 3–5 times | 893(16.14) | 839(16.67) | 54(10.80) | ||
| 1 ~ 2 times | 639(11.55) | 585(11.62) | 54(10.80) | ||
| Not even once | 229(4.14) | 201(3.99) | 28(5.60) | ||
| never | 2440(44.10) | 2135(42.42) | 305(61.00) | ||
| Smoking | 62.631 | < 0.001 | |||
| Never smokes | 4191(75.75) | 3740(74.31) | 451(90.20) | ||
| smokes | 1172(21.18) | 1128(22.41) | 44(8.80) | ||
| Quit smoking | 170(3.07) | 165(3.28) | 5(1.00) | ||
| Drinking alcohol | 37.856 | < 0.001 | |||
| Never drinks alcohol | 5061(91.47) | 4567(90.74) | 494(98.80) | ||
| Drinking alcohol | 388(7.01) | 383(7.61) | 5(1.00) | ||
| Quit drinking | 84(1.52) | 83(1.65) | 1(0.20) | ||
| Social and community network dimensions | |||||
| Marital status | 188.730 | < 0.001 | |||
| Not married | 643(11.43) | 491(9.76) | 152(30.40) | ||
| married | 4890(88.38) | 4542(90.24) | 348(69.60) | ||
| Number of relatives they can seek help from | 212.506 | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 610(11.02) | 486(9.66) | 124(24.80) | ||
| 1 | 1255(22.68) | 1094(21.74) | 161(32.20) | ||
| 2 | 1449(26.19) | 1307(25.97) | 142(28.40) | ||
| 3 ~ 4 | 1326(23.97) | 1267(25.17) | 59(11.80) | ||
| 5 ~ 8 | 611(11.04) | 599(11.90) | 12(2.40) | ||
| 9 or more | 282(5.10) | 280(5.56) | 2(0.40) | ||
| Number of friends they can seek help from | 212.258 | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 1617(29.22) | 1348(26.78) | 269(53.80) | ||
| 1 | 1391(25.14) | 1252(24.88) | 139(27.80) | ||
| 2 | 1156(20.89) | 1096(21.78) | 60(12.00) | ||
| 3 ~ 4 | 852(15.40) | 826(16.41) | 26(5.20) | ||
| 5 ~ 8 | 319(5.77) | 314(6.24) | 5(1.00) | ||
| 9 or more | 198(3.58) | 197(3.91) | 1(0.20) | ||
| Borrowing situation | 327.749 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 3115(56.30) | 2642(52.49) | 473(94.60) | ||
| Yes | 2418(43.70) | 2391(47.51) | 27(5.40) | ||
| Dimension of structural social factors | |||||
| literacy levels | 236.823 | < 0.001 | |||
| illiterate | 2158(39.00) | 1815(36.06) | 343(68.60) | ||
| elementary school | 2073(37.47) | 1929(38.33) | 144(28.80) | ||
| Middle school | 981(17.73) | 971(19.29) | 10(2.00) | ||
| high school and above | 321(5.80) | 318(6.32) | 3(0.60) | ||
| Housing type | 0.621 | 0.431 | |||
| Nonsanitary housing | 948(17.13) | 856(17.01) | 92(18.40) | ||
| Sanitary housing | 4585(82.87) | 4177(82.99) | 408(81.60) | ||
| Type of drinking water | 17.802 | < 0.001 | |||
| Decentralized water supply | 232(4.19) | 193(3.83) | 39(7.880) | ||
| Tap water | 5301(95.81) | 4840(96.17) | 461(92.20) | ||
| Type of toilet | 21.808 | < 0.001 | |||
| Nonsanitary toilet | 4992(88.96) | 4446(88.34) | 476(95.20) | ||
| Sanitary toilet | 611(11.04) | 587(11.66) | 24(4.80) | ||
| Type of cooking fuel | 84.710 | < 0.001 | |||
| Nonclean energy | 278(5.02) | 210(4.17) | 68(13.60) | ||
| Clean energy | 5255(94.98) | 4823(95.83) | 432(86.40) | ||
| Time required to reach the nearest county hospital | 58.19(34.34) | 58.53(34.83) | 54.77(28.87) | 2.332 | 0.020 |
| Per capita annual income (logarithmic) | 7.34(6.98) | 7.77(6.09) | 3.04(12.08) | 14.708 | < 0.001 |
| Macro social conditions dimension | |||||
| urban‒rural integrated medical insurance or the urban employee medical insurance | 10.015 | 0.002 | |||
| No | 64(1.16) | 51(1.01) | 13(2.60) | ||
| Yes | 5469(98.84) | 4982(98.99) | 487(97.40) | ||
| Low-income household | 692.794 | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1741(31.47) | 1323(26.29) | 418(83.60) | ||
| No | 3792(68.53) | 3710(73.71) | 82(16.40) | ||