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. 2026 Feb 2;13:1744053. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1744053

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Copyright © 2026 Abdelrahman, Issa, Elsayed Ali, Alotaibi and Alshanbari.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustration of a smart farming system integrating environmental records, herd records, and sensor-based animal data. Farm environmental records include light, air quality, temperature, and humidity. Herd records cover feeding, growth, reproduction, breeding, health, and production. A cow is shown with sensors for monitoring facial, vocal, neck motion, heart-breath, rumination, feet motion, and posture. Feed monitoring is depicted, along with a display for reproduction management. Data from these systems feed into a machine learning model for comprehensive decision-making. — Integrating different sensor-based and record-based data in the ML model.