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. 2026 Feb 3;17:1721985. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1721985

Table 2.

Subgroup analyze.

Subgroup Change in anxiety score Change in depression score
Comparative group SMD [95%CI] P value I 2 Comparative group SMD [95%CI] P value I 2
Total 6 ‘-0.36 [-0.67, -0.06] <0.0001 86% 4 -0.21 [-0.66, 0.25] 0.0001 86%
Mean/median age
≥40y 4 -0.49 [-0.94, -0.04] <0.00001 89% 3 -0.38 [-0.85, 0.10] 0.005 81%
<40y 2 -0.13 [-0.37, 0.11] 0.81 0% 1 0.28 [-0.03, 0.60] 0.08 /
Treatment
cervical or thoracic surgery 3 -0.62 [-1.25, 0.02] <0.00001 92% 2 -0.61 [-0.94, -0.27] 0.23 29%
abdominal surgery 3 -0.13 [-0.32, 0.05] 0.97 0% 2 0.13 [-0.14, 0.41] 0.19 41%
Anesthesia
general anesthesia 5 -0.42 [-0.78, -0.06] <0.00001 86%
spinal anesthesia 1 -0.10 [-0.46, 0.26] 0.54 /