. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Feb 18.

Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2026 Mar;45(3):1115–1126. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2025.3618247

TABLE I.

Details of used datasets.

	For main denoising			For auxiliary segmentation
	Dataset A	Dataset B	Dataset C	Dataset D
Medical center	University of Bern, Switzerland	Ruijin Hospital, China	Yale-New Haven Hospital, USA	University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
Vendor	Siemens Biograph Vision Quadra	United Imaging uExplorer	Siemens Biograph mCT	Siemens Biograph mCT
Average dose (mean±SD)	264.1±18.2 MBq	260.1±12.2 MBq	256.3±16.2 MBq	314.7±22.1 MBq
Tracer	¹⁸F-FDG	¹⁸F-FDG	¹⁸F-FDG	¹⁸F-FDG
Post-injection uptake time (mean±SD)	69.8±10.7 min	64.9±19.8 min	Approximately 60 min	Approximately 60 min
Scan duration time	10 min	5 min	5 min / bed position	2 min / bed position
OSEM¹ parameters	4 iterations, 5 subsets	4 iterations, 20 subsets	2 iterations, 21 subsets	2 iterations, 21 subsets
FWHM² in Gaussian post-smoothing	2 mm	No Gaussian filter applied	5 mm	2 mm
Image size (voxels)	440×440×644	360×360×674	$440 \times 440 \times 𝒽$ ³	$440 \times 440 \times 𝒽$ ³
Voxel size (mm³/voxel)	1.65×1.65×1.65	1.67×1.67×2.89	2.04×2.04×2.03	2.04×2.04×3
Low-count levels (%)	1,2,5,10,25,50	1,2,5,10,25,50	5,10,20	/
# cases	209	320	200	501
Train/val/Test	100/10/99	150/15/155	0/0/200	480/21/0

OSEM: ordered-subsets expectation maximization algorithm.

FWHM: full width at half maximum.

$𝒽$ depends on patient height.