Table 2.

Impacts of perceived COVID-19 risks on households’ unmet needs during the first wave of the pandemic (April-August 2020) in Nigeria

Variables	Unmet Needsβ Coefficient (95%CI)
During lockdownθ	-0.07 (-0.21–0.08)
After lockdownθ	-0.08 (-0.18–0.02)
(Medium-risk vs. Low-risk)α × During lockdownθ	0.15* (-0.01–0.31)
(High-risk vs. Low-risk)α × During lockdownθ	0.10 (-0.07–0.27)
(Epicentre vs. Low-risk)α × During lockdownθ	0.25* (-0.04–0.53)
(Medium-risk vs. Low-risk)α × After lockdownθ	0.01 (-0.10–0.12)
(High-risk vs. Low-risk)α × After lockdownθ	0.03 (-0.09–0.15)
(Epicentre vs. Low-risk)α × After lockdownθ	0.24** (0.02–0.46)
Household Fixed Effects	Yes
Number of observations	3,689
Number of households	1,509
R-squared	0.03

Notes: Estimations are based on Nigeria GHSP 2019 and 2020 NLPS Round 1

^αRepresents the treatment variable assigned with the value of 0 for households in the states with low-risk of COVID-19 infection (number of cases < 100) (as the control group) and 1 for households in the medium-risk (100 ≥ number of cases < 1,000), high-risk (1,000 ≥ number of cases < 10,000), or epicentre state (Lagos State with number of cases > 10,000) (as the treated groups)

^θRepresents three periods: before lockdown (January–February 2019), during lockdown (April-May 2020), and after lockdown (June–August 2020). In the difference-in-differences estimation, the period before lockdown is the base period

P values: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.10

^β95% CIs are shown in parentheses

Robust standard errors were clustered at the enumeration area (EA)