Table 3.
Heterogeneity in the impact of COVID-19 risk on unmet needs between households below and above the poverty line, households with and without persons with non-communicable diseases and disability
| Variables | Household Below poverty line | Household with NCDs | Household with Disability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unmet Needsβ Coefficient (95%CI) | Unmet Needsβ Coefficient (95%CI) | Unmet Needsβ Coefficient (95%CI) | |
| During Lockdownθ |
-0.00 (-0.15–0.15) |
-0.01 (-0.19–0.17) |
-0.02 (-0.19–0.15) |
|
Status§ × (Medium-risk vs. Low-risk)α × During Lockdownθ-0.05 (-0.33–0.22) |
0.31* (-0.00–0.63) |
0.22* (-0.04–0.48) |
|
| Status§ × (High-risk vs. Low-risk)α × During Lockdownθ |
0.01 (-0.28–0.29) |
0.16 (-0.22–0.54) |
0.40** (0.06–0.74) |
| Status§ × (Epicentre vs. Low-risk)α × During Lockdownθ | - |
-0.32 (-0.81–0.16) |
0.74*** (0.22–1.26) |
| After Lockdownθ |
-0.02 (-0.15–0.11) |
-0.05 (-0.17–0.07) |
-0.08 (-0.20–0.03) |
| Status§ × (Medium-risk vs. Low-risk)α × After Lockdownθ |
0.07 (-0.14–0.29) |
0.11 (-0.18–0.41) |
0.02 (-0.23–0.26) |
| Status§ × (High-risk vs. Low-risk)α × After Lockdownθ |
0.08 (-0.16–0.31) |
0.13 (-0.19–0.45) |
-0.13 (-0.43–0.17) |
| Status§ × (Epicentre vs. Low-risk)α × After Lockdownθ | - |
-0.23 (-0.61–0.16) |
0.43 (-0.28–1.13) |
| Household Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Number of oobservations | 3,689 | 3,689 | 3,689 |
| Number of households | 1,509 | 1,509 | 1,509 |
| R-squared | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Notes: Estimations are based on Nigeria GHSP 2019 and 2020 NLPS Round 1
αRepresents treatment variable assigned with the value of 0 for households in the states with low-risk of COVID-19 infection (number of cases < 100) (as the control group) and 1 for households in the medium-risk (100 ≥ number of cases < 1,000), high-risk (1,000 ≥ number of cases < 10,000), or epicentre states (Lagos State with number of cases > 10,000) (as the treated groups)
θRepresents three periods: before lockdown (January–February 2019), during lockdown (April-May 2020) and after lockdown (June–August 2020). In the difference-in-differences estimation, the period before lockdown is the base period
§Represents each category of households: households below the poverty line, households with non-communicable diseases, and households with disability
P values: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.10
β95% CIs are shown in parentheses
Robust standard errors were clustered at the enumeration area (EA)