Table 1.2.
Results of the univariate analysis - Unadjusted association between social factors and suicide attempts
| Factor | Cases N = 151 (50%) | Controls N = 151 (50%) | OR | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLE in the last 12 months | |||||
| Loss of loved ones | 151 (100.0%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 113 (74.8%) | 109 (72.2%) | |||
| Yes | 38 (25.2%) | 42 (27.8%) | 0.875 | 0.527–1.453 | 0.606 |
| Disappointments or episodes reg. education# | 70 (46.4%) | 98 (64.9%) | |||
| No (ref) | 44 (62.9%) | 58 (59.2%) | |||
| Yes | 26 (37.1%) | 40 (40.8%) | 0.556 | 0.256–1.203 | 0.136 |
| Disappointments or episodes reg. work## | 119 (78.8%) | 98 (64.9%) | |||
| No (ref) | 53 (44.5%) | 37 (37.8%) | |||
| Yes | 66 (55.5%) | 61 (62.2%) | 0.667 | 0.367–1.210 | 0.183 |
| Relationship problems with partners% | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 66 (44.0%) | 109 (72.2%) | |||
| Yes | 84 (56.0%) | 42 (27.8%) | 3.471 | 2.023–5.953 | < 0.001* |
| Ending of a romantic relationship | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 126 (84%) | 136 (90.1%) | |||
| Yes | 24 (16%) | 15 (09.9%) | 1.643 | 0.845–3.193 | 0.143 |
| Divorce or separation from spouse & | 64 (42.4%) | 38 (25.2%) | |||
| No (ref) | 40 (62.5%) | 34 (89.5%) | |||
| Yes | 24 (37.5%) | 04 (10.5%) | 2.000 | 0.602–6.642 | 0.258 |
| Living apart from child (!)@ | 38 (25.0%) | 22 (13.9%) | |||
| No (ref) | 33 (86.8%) | 21 (100.%) | |||
| Yes | 05 (13.2%) | 00 (00.0%) | - | - | - |
| Relationship problems with family members% | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 60 (40.0%) | 87 (57.6%) | |||
| Yes | 90 (60.0%) | 64 (42.4%) | 2.174 | 1.327–3.562 | 0.002* |
| Relationship problems with others (friends, neighbours, etc) | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 108 (72.0%) | 106 (70.2%) | |||
| Yes | 42 (28.0%) | 45 (29.8%) | 0.906 | 0.548–1.498 | 0.701 |
| Parental conflict% | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 118 (78.7%) | 133 (88.1%) | |||
| Yes | 32 (21.3%) | 18 (11.9%) | 1.933 | 1.037 –3.606 | 0.038* |
| Financial disappointments or episodes | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 52 (34.7%) | 48 (31.8%) | |||
| Yes | 98 (65.3%) | 103 (68.2%) | 0.862 | 0.505–1.472 | 0.587 |
| Sexual difficulties | 150 (99.3%) | 150 (99.3%) | |||
| No (ref) | 141 (94.0%) | 143 (95.3%) | |||
| Yes | 09 (06.0%) | 07 (04.7%) | 1.286 | 0.479–3.452 | 0.618 |
| Unwanted pregnancy^ | 28 (18.5%) | 20 (13.2%) | |||
| No (ref) | 20 (71.4%) | 16 (80.0%) | |||
| Yes | 08 (28.6%) | 00 (20.0%) | 1.000 | 0.202–4.955 | 1.000 |
| Miscarriage(!)^ | 28 (18.5%) | 20 (13.2%) | |||
| No (ref) | 26 (92.9%) | 19 (95.0%) | |||
| Yes | 02 (07.1%) | 01 (05.0%) | - | - | - |
| Infertility& | 64 (42.4%) | 38 (25.2%) | |||
| No (ref) | 56 (87.5%) | 36 (94.7%) | |||
| Yes | 08 (12.5%) | 02 (05.3%) | 6.000 | 0.722–49.837 | 0.097 |
| Problematic drinking in a family member | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 105 (70.0%) | 117 (77.5%) | |||
| Yes | 45 (30.0%) | 34 (22.5%) | 1.458 | 0.867–2.452 | 0.155 |
| Legal disappointments or episodes | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 119 (79.3%) | 121 (80.1%) | |||
| Yes | 31 (20.7%) | 30 (19.9%) | 1.040 | 0.601–1.801 | 0.889 |
| Witnessing a potentially traumatic event | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 123 (82.0%) | 119 (78.8%) | |||
| Yes | 27 (18.7%) | 32 (21.2%) | 0.783 | 0.422–1.450 | 0.436 |
| Any other NLE not covered above | 150 (99.3%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 140 (93.3%) | 133 (88.1%) | |||
| Yes | 10 (06.7%) | 18 (11.9%) | 0.467 | 0.190–1.145 | 0.096 |
| Adverse events at lifetime | |||||
| Parental death | 151 (100.0%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 114 (75.5%) | 129 (85.4%) | |||
| Yes | 37 (24.5%) | 22 (14.6%) | 2.071 | 1.095–3.920 | 0.025* |
| If yes, when the death occurred, | |||||
| After 8 years | 23 (62.2%) | 13 (59.1%) | |||
| <8 years | 14 (37.8%) | 09 (40.9%) | |||
| Parents divorced or separated | 147 (97.4%) | 149 (98.7%) | |||
| No (ref) | 134 (91.2%) | 144 (96.6%) | |||
| Yes | 13 (08.8%) | 05 (03.4%) | 2.600 | 0.927–7.293 | 0.069 |
| Coerced into marriage | 64 (42.4%) | 38 (25.2%) | |||
| No (ref) | 50 (78.1%) | 32 (84.2%) | |||
| Yes | 14 (21.9%) | 06 (15.8%) | 1.200 | 0.366–3.932 | 0.763 |
| Social support | |||||
| Perceived degree of social support | 148 (98.0%) | 150 (99.3%) | |||
| Mean score on emotional & instrumental support subscales of COPE | Mean=11.82 | Mean=11.63 | 1.016 | 0.952–1.086 | 0.627 |
| Social interactions over the last 12 months | 146 (96.7%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No interactions (ref) | 26 (17.8%) | 05 (03.3%) | 0.002* | ||
| Monthly or less | 39 (26.7%) | 58 (38.4%) | 0.163 | 0.059–0.455 | <0.001* |
| Weekly or more | 81 (55.5%) | 88 (58.3%) | 0.214 | 0.080–0.572 | 0.002* |
| Suicidal behaviours in others | |||||
| Suicide or attempt in blood relatives at lifetime | 151 (100.0%) | 151 (100.0%) | |||
| No (ref) | 104 (68.9%) | 107 (70.9%) | 1.103 | 0.668–1.824 | 0.701 |
| Yes | 47 (31.1%) | 44 (29.1%) | |||
| If yes, What relative$ | |||||
| First-degree relative (parent, sibling) | 28 (59.6%) | 06 (13.6%) | |||
| Other (grandparent, cousin, aunt, uncle, etc) | 23 (48.9%) | 40 (90.9%) | |||
| Suicide or attempt in others in the environment at lifetime | 151 (100.0%) | 151 (100.0%) | 0.447 | 0.267–0.747 | 0.002* |
| No (ref) | 66 (43.7%) | 40 (26.5%) | |||
| Yes | 85 (56.3%) | 111 (73.5%) | |||
| If yes, What persons$ | |||||
| Family by marriage (in-laws, brothers or sisters in law, etc) | 16 (18.8%) | 09 (08.1%) | |||
| Friends | 46 (54.1%) | 44 (39.6%) | |||
| Neighbours | 32 (37.6%) | 44 (39.6%) | |||
| Others (colleagues, classmates, teachers, friends/families of friends etc) | 15 (17.6%) | 43 (38.7%) | |||
| Exposure to suicide-related information | |||||
| Sought or came across information on suicide last 1 month | 151 (100.0%) | 151 (100.0%) | 0.200 | 0.108–0.372 | <0.001* |
| No (ref) | 123 (81.5%) | 75 (49.7%) | |||
| Yes | 28 (18.5%) | 76 (50.3%) | |||
| If yes, What information$ | |||||
| Reports of suicide cases in the general public | 19 (67.9%) | 71 (93.4%) | |||
| Specific information on suicide – where to obtain substances, how to attempt suicide, why persons live or die etc | 11 (39.3%) | 08 (10.5%) | |||
| If yes, Source of information$ | |||||
| Newspapers or media reports | 04 (14.3%) | 18 (23.7%) | |||
| Social media sites or Internet | 11 (39.3%) | 23 (30.3%) | |||
| Conversations with others | 15 (53.6%) | 31 (40.8%) | |||
| TV | 01 (03.6%) | 23 (30.3%) | |||
| Books | 00 (00.0%) | 01 (01.3%) | |||
KEY
*p value < 0.05
(ref) – reference category
(!)excluded from analysis because of insufficient sample size
% Merged for multivariate analysis as presence of one or more problems
$A person can be coded for more than one category, so the % will not add up to 100
#These questions were only asked for those interested in/already pursuing education
## These questions were only asked for those interested in/already working
&These questions were asked only for ever married
@These questions were asked only for those with children
^ These questions were asked only for women who have ever been pregnant