. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Feb 18.

Published in final edited form as: Prev Sci. 2025 May 1;26(5):760–772. doi: 10.1007/s11121-025-01811-0

Table 2.

Longitudinal escalation in ENDS use frequency from ages 19 to 29 years: associations with impulsivity, sensation-seeking, peer ENDS use, socio-demographic characteristics, and other substance use (N = 1277)

	Unconditional model Estimate (SE)	Base model Estimate (SE)	Impulsivity × age model Estimate (SE)	Impulsivity × peers model Estimate (SE)	Sensation-seeking × peers model Estimate (SE)
Intercept	.46 (.05) ^***	.62 (.10) ^***	.62 (.10) ^***	.62 (.10) ^***	.61 (.10) ^***
Age in years	.06 (.01) ^***	.02 (.01) ^*	.02 (.01) ^*	.02 (.01) ^*	.02 (.01) ^*
Wave		.02 (.01) ^*	.02 (.01) ^*	.02 (.01) ^*	.02 (.01) ^*
Male		.16 (.04) ^***	.15 (.04) ^***	.16 (.04) ^***	.16 (.04) ^***
Hispanic/Latino		−.25 (.05) ^***	−.25 (.05) ^***	−.25 (.05) ^***	−.25 (.05) ^***
Non-Hispanic Black		−.20 (.08) ^*	−.20 (.08) ^*	−.21 (.08) ^*	−.20 (.08) ^*
Non-Hispanic Asian		−.27 (.06) ^***	−.27 (.06) ^***	−.27 (.06) ^***	−.27 (.06) ^***
Another race/ethnicity		−.23 (.07) ^**	−.23 (.07) ^***	−.23 (.07) ^***	−.22 (.07) ^***
Four-year college		−.11 (.09)	−.11 (.09)	−.11 (.09)	−.11 (.09)
Past 30-day other tobacco		.10 (.02) ^***	.10 (.02) ^***	.10 (.02) ^***	.10 (.02) ^***
Past 30-day cannabis		.02 (.03)	.02 (.03)	.02 (.03)	.02 (.03)
Past 30-day binge drinking		.05 (.03) ^*	.05 (.03) ^*	.05 (.03) ^*	.06 (.03) ^*
Peer ENDS use		.34 (.01) ^***	.34 (.01) ^***	.34 (.01) ^***	.34 (.01) ^***
Impulsivity		−.01 (.02)	−.07 (.03) ^*	−.01 (.02)	−.01 (.02)
Sensation-seeking		−.001(.02)	−.001 (.02)	−.0003 (.02)	.0003 (.02)
Impulsivity × age		–-	.01 (.01) ^*	–-	–-
Impulsivity × peers		–-	–-	.03 (.01) ^*	–-
Sensation-seeking × peers		–-	–-	–-	.05 (.01) ^***

Non-significant interactions are not shown. ***p <.001, **p <.01, *p <.05