Table 2.

Measured outcomes

Study	Outcomes	Reported ketamine dose	Standerized ketamine dose to MG/KG/H
Anwar et al. (2019)	1- Total postoperative morphine consumption at 24 h, mg 2- Extubation time, min 3- Length of stay in cardiac intensive care, hours	0.1 mg/kg/h	0.1
Minoshima et al. (2015)	1- Total postoperative morphine consumption at 24 h, mg/kg 2- NRS pain score at rest 12 h, 24 h and 48 h measured by a nurse blinded to the study groups. 3- PONV score ≥ 1, defined as the incidince of PONV	2 µg/kg/min	0.12
Hamed et al. (2024)	1- Total postoperative fentanyl consumption at 48 h, µg 2- Postoperative ventilation time, hours 3- Length of stay in ICU, days 4- Incidence of PONV	1–2 µg/kg/min	0.06–0.12
Moshtaghion et al. (2018)	1- incideince of delirium using CAM-ICU criteria	3 µg/kg/min	0.18
Guillou et al. (2003)	1- Total postoperative morphine consumption at 24 h and 48 h, mg 2- VAS pain score at rest 12 h, 24 h and 48 h measured by measured by a blinded observer every 4 h 3- Incidence of nausea 4- Incidence of confusion & hallucinations	1–2 µg/kg/min	0.06–0.12
Abdelfattah et al. (2024)	1- Total postoperative fentanyl consumption at 24 h, µg/kg 2- MOPS pain score at rest 12 h and 24 h measured by a blinded resident anesthetist 3- Length of stay in ICU, hours 4- Incidence of vomiting	0.1 mg/kg/h	0.1
Rai et al. (2022)	1- Extubation time, min 2- Length of stay in ICU, hours	0.2–0.7 µg/kg/min	0.012–0.042
Kitisin et al. (2025)	1- Total postoperative fentanyl consumption at 24 h, µg 2- Duration of mechanical ventilation, hours 3- Length of stay in ICU, hours 4- Incidence of delirium using CAM-ICU criteria	1.5 µg/kg/min	0.09
Rashwan et al. (2018)	1- Total postoperative fentanyl consumption at 24 h, µg	10 µg/kg/min (Ketofol) 1:1	0.3

h = hours, NRS = Numerical pain scale, CAM-ICU = Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU, PONV = Postoperative nausea and vomiting, VAS = Visual Analogue Scale, MOPS = Modified Objective Pain Scale