Table 1.
Descriptive statistics
| Variables | Definitions | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urban‒rural income gap | Urban residents’ per capita disposal income/Rural residents’ per capita disposal income | 2.298 | 0.405 |
| Theil index | Refer to Eq. (2) above. | 0.075 | 0.036 |
| Integration | Whether the health insurance integration is adopted or not: Yes = 1; No = 0. | 0.528 | 0.499 |
| Economic development | Logarithm of per capita regional production | 10.779 | 0.510 |
| Industrial structure | Value added of the secondary and tertiary industries/GDP | 0.872 | 0.080 |
| Human capital | Number of students in general institutes of higher education/Permanent resident population | 0.018 | 0.020 |
| Fiscal expenditure ratio | General public budget expenditure/GDP | 0.214 | 0.099 |
| Opening‒up | Export value/Gross regional production | 0.074 | 0.111 |
| Financial development | Year-end financial institution loan balance/Gross regional production | 1.097 | 0.606 |