Table 3.

Sex-stratified associations of total and cumulative childhood maltreatment exposure with overweight, obesity, and high waist circumference.

Outcome	CTS sum score	1 vs. no CM	2 vs. no CM	3+ vs. no CM
Overweighta
Males	1.01 (1.00; 1.02)*	1.04 (1.00; 1.09)	1.10 (1.01; 1.20)	1.17 (1.04; 1.31)
Females	1.01 (1.01; 1.02)*	1.05 (1.00; 1.09)	1.10 (1.02; 1.19)	1.17 (1.07; 1.27)*
Obesityb
Males	1.03 (1.03; 1.04)*	1.12 (1.06; 1.18)*	1.32 (1.19; 1.45)*	1.51 (1.32; 1.72)*
Females	1.03 (1.03; 1.04)*	1.09 (1.03; 1.15)*	1.30 (1.19; 1.41)*	1.56 (1.43; 1.71)*
High waist circumferencec
Males	1.02 (1.02; 1.03)*	1.05 (1.00; 1.10)	1.22 (1.13; 1.31)*	1.31 (1.18; 1.44)*
Females	1.03 (1.02; 1.03)*	1.06 (1.02; 1.11)	1.24 (1.16; 1.32)*	1.39 (1.29; 1.50)*

Data are reported as odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for BMI-based outcomes (overweight and obesity) and high waist-circumference derived from sex-stratified logistic regression models. All models are adjusted for age, years of formal education, and examination center. Cumulative CM exposure is associated with overweight, obesity, and high waist circumference in a dose-response manner. Odds ratios for obesity and high waist circumference are comparable across exposure categories between females and males, except in individuals with high exposure (i.e., ≥3 CM subtypes), where females exhibit higher odds ratios. This pattern was not observed when overweight was the outcome, as odds ratios were comparable across exposure categories and sex.

CI confidence interval, CM childhood maltreatment, CTS Childhood Trauma Screener, OR odds ratio.

^aOverweight is defined as ≥25 kg/m² BMI < 30 kg/m².

^bObesity is defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m².

^cIncreased waist circumferences are defined as ≥88 cm for females and ≥102 cm for males.

*Significant after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.003).