Table 2.

Descriptive statistics for study variables.

Variable	M	SD	Range	Skewness	Kurtosis	α
Controlled motivation	29.34	5.12	21–42	0.43	−0.15	0.758
Self-efficacy	76.28	14.63	38–113	−0.21	0.08	0.867
Learning strategies	89.45	18.72	42–136	0.15	−0.32	0.889
Physics achievement	85.47	9.87	40–100	−0.58	0.43	—

N = 496. α = Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.