Table 4.

Path coefficients for serial mediation model.

Path	B	SE	t	p	95% CI	β
Direct effects
Controlled motivation → Self-efficacy (a₁)	−1.142	0.125	−9.13	<0.001	[−1.388, −0.896]	−0.400
Controlled motivation → Learning strategies (a₂)	−0.648	0.162	−4.00	<0.001	[−0.967, −0.329]	−0.178
Self-efficacy → Learning strategies (d₂₁)	0.682	0.048	14.21	<0.001	[0.588, 0.776]	0.533
Self-efficacy → Physics achievement (b₁)	0.152	0.032	4.75	<0.001	[0.089, 0.215]	0.225
Learning strategies → Physics achievement (b₂)	0.164	0.025	6.56	<0.001	[0.115, 0.213]	0.311
Controlled motivation → Physics achievement (c’)	−0.098	0.089	−1.10	0.272	[−0.273, 0.077]	−0.051
Total effect
Controlled motivation → Physics achievement (c)	−0.537	0.086	−6.25	<0.001	[−0.706, −0.368]	−0.279

N = 496. B = unstandardized coefficient; β = standardized coefficient; SE = standard error; CI = confidence interval.