Table 5.

Specific indirect effects in serial mediation model.

Indirect effect	Effect	Boot SE	Boot 95% CI	PM
Ind1: CM → SE → PA (a₁b₁)	−0.174	0.042	[−0.261, −0.094]	32.4%
Ind2: CM → LS → PA (a₂b₂)	−0.106	0.031	[−0.172, −0.048]	19.7%
Ind3: CM → SE → LS → PA (a₁d₂₁b₂)	−0.128	0.025	[−0.181, −0.082]	23.8%
Total indirect effect	−0.408	0.058	[−0.526, −0.296]	76.0%

N = 496. CM = Controlled Motivation; SE = Self-Efficacy; LS = Learning Strategies; PA = Physics Achievement. Boot SE = bootstrap standard error; Boot 95% CI = bias-corrected bootstrap 95% confidence interval based on 10,000 bootstrap samples; PM = proportion mediated (indirect effect/total effect × 100%).