Table 2.

Satellite-estimated products used in this study.

Site name	Satellite product name	Source
Cairo	Cloud albedo	Online repository of the Satellite Application Facility (CM-SAF) on Climate Monitoring, SARAH-3 dataset
Adrar	Cloud albedo	Online repository of the Satellite Application Facility (CM-SAF) on Climate Monitoring, SARAH-3 dataset
Ghardaia	Cloud albedo	Online repository of the Satellite Application Facility (CM-SAF) on Climate Monitoring, SARAH-3 dataset
Pretoria	Cloud albedo	Online repository of the Satellite Application Facility (CM-SAF) on Climate Monitoring, SARAH-3 dataset
Gurgaon	Cloud opacity	Solcast web platform and API
Da Nang	Cloud opacity	Solcast web platform and API
Xianghe	Cloud opacity	Solcast web platform and API
Chiba	Cloud opacity	Solcast web platform and API