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. 2026 Feb 5;17:1749728. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1749728

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Copyright © 2026 Deng, Liang, Huang, Han, Fan and Lin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scientific figure showing panels A and B with Western blot images, corresponding protein markers (p-ERK, p-CREB, ERα, MAP2K1, GAPDH), molecular weights, treatment groups (Sham, Model, KT, SPHL, SPHM, SPHH), and quantification bar graphs displaying relative protein expression with statistical significance noted. — SPH alters protein expression and phosphorylation of the ERα/MAPK/CREB pathway in OVX rats. (A) Uterine protein levels of ERα, p-CREB, p-ERK, and MAP2K1. (B) Hypothalamic protein levels of p-ERK, p-CREB, ERα, and MAP2K1. GAPDH were used as a loading control. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Compared with the Model group, ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001, ^**** P < 0.0001.