Table 3.
Means and Class Comparisons for PTSS, Psychosocial Difficulties, Posttraumatic Growth, and Resilience
| Negative Parenting Class | Passive Parenting Class | Positive Parenting Class | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distal Outcome | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | ||
| PTSS | 15.83 (1.91) | 12.93 (1.69) | 10.23 (1.99) | ||
| Psychosocial Difficulties | 62.93 (1.33) | 54.87 (1.40) | 45.97 (1.84) | ||
| Posttraumatic Growth | 16.79 (1.23) | 16.54 (0.91) | 15.03 (1.61) | ||
| Resilience | 68.16 (2.63) | 65.20 (1.90) | 76.33 (2.40) | ||
| Covariates | |||||
| Complicated Grief Symptoms | 71.78 (3.76) | 66.10 (2.87) | 61.78 (4.48) | ||
| Child Age | 13.23 | 12.1 | 11.48 | ||
| Child Gender | 1.49 | 1.48 | 1.65 | ||
| Parental Educational Attainment | 15.13 | 15.80 | 16.09 | ||
| Time Since Death | 14.48 | 12.25 | 11.49 | ||
| Relationship to Deceased | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.44 | ||
| Class Comparisons on Distal Outcomes | |||||
| PTSS | Estimate (SE) | Estimate/SE | p value | CI | Cohen’s d |
| Negative vs. Passive | 0.54 (1.88) | 0.29 | 0.775 | [−2.55–3.63] | 0.22 |
| Negative vs. Positive | 2.13 (1.51) | 1.41 | 0.160 | [−0.36–4.62] | 0.42 |
| Passive vs. Positive | 1.59 (1.52) | 1.05 | 0.296 | [−0.91–4.09] | 0.20 |
| Psychosocial Difficulties | |||||
| Negative vs. Passive | 7.38 (1.87) | 3.94 | <0.001 | [4.30–10.46] | 0.79 |
| Negative vs. Positive | 15.92 (2.04) | 7.81 | <0.001 | [12.57–19.27] | 1.67 |
| Passive vs. Positive | 8.54 (2.18) | 3.93 | <0.001 | [4.96–12.12] | 0.86 |
| Posttraumatic Growth | |||||
| Negative vs. Passive | −0.19 (1.58) | −0.12 | 0.905 | [−2.81–2.42] | 0.03 |
| Negative vs. Positive | 0.93 (2.03) | 0.46 | 0.646 | [−2.41–4.28] | 0.21 |
| Passive vs. Positive | 1.12 (1.90) | 0.59 | 0.554 | [−2.00–4.24] | 0.18 |
| Resilience | |||||
| Negative vs. Passive | 2.90 (3.41) | 0.85 | 0.394 | [−2.70–8.51] | 0.18 |
| Negative vs. Positive | −9.30 (3.76) | −2.47 | 0.013 | [−15.48 - −3.11] | −0.51 |
| Passive vs. Positive | −12.20 (3.32) | −3.68 | <0.001 | [−17.66 - −6.75] | −0.69 |
N = 112. SE = standard error, PTSS = posttraumatic stress symptoms; Parental Educational Attainment = number of years in school; Time Since Death = months since death of loved one; Relationship to Deceased = nonparental death compared to parental death; child gender coded as 1 = male, 2 = female; CI = confidence interval. All outcomes examined using covariate-adjusted estimates, controlling for complicated grief symptoms, time since death, and relationship to the deceased