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. 2026 Feb 18;44(1):181. doi: 10.1007/s00345-026-06241-3

Table 2.

Intraoperative and early postoperative data, and early functional outcomes of kidney transplantations

Overall population
n = 86
Robot assisted transplantation
n = 46
Open transplantation
n = 40
p
Intraoperative data
Transplantation site (n, %)
Left iliac fossa 80 (93.0%) 44 (95.7%) 36 (90.0%) 0.9
Right iliac fossa 6 (7.0%) 2 (4.3%) 4 (10.0)
Operative time (minutes) (Median, IQR) 170.0 (134.5-215.5) 140.0 (120.0-160.0) 215.5 (195.3–264.0) < 0.0001
Intraoperative complications (n, %)
Active bleeding 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.2%) 0 (0%) 0.9
Venous thrombosis 2 (2.3%) 1 (2.2%) 1 (2.5%)
Surgical conversion and causes (n, %) 2: Intraoperative active bleeding and venous thrombosis
Early Postoperative Data (Day 90)
Lenght of hospital stay (days) (Median, IQR) 10.0 (8.0–14.0) 9.0 (7.0–13.0) 12.0 (9.0-15.8) 0.001
Early postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification) (n, %)
Grade 2 0.9
Bleeding requiring transfusion 2 (2.3%) 1 (2.2%) 1 (2.5%)
Wound infection 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.2%) 0 (0%)
Urinary tract infection 6 (7.0%) 2 (4.3%) 4 (10.0%)
Grade 3a
Nephrostomy placement for urinary fistula 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.2%) 0 (0%)
Radiologic drainage of lymphocele 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.5%)
Grade 3b

Graft nephrectomy for :

a) Venous thrombosis

3 (3.5%) 2 (4.3%) 1 (2.5%)
Reoperation by laparotomy for:
a) Renal vein plication 2 (2.3%) 1 (2.2%) 1 (2.5%)
b) Evisceration 5 (5.8%) 2 (4.3%) 3 (7.5%)
c) Subcapsular hematoma 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.2%) 0 (0%)
Angioplasty with stenting of the external iliac artery for dissection 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.5%)
Grade 4
Respiratory failure 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.2%) 0 (0%)
Peritonitis due to graft abscess with colonic fistula 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.2%) 0 (0%)
Grade 5 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.5%) : Cardiac arrest on day 15
Early major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ 3) (n, %) 17 (19.8%) 9 (19.6%) 8 (20.0%) 0.9
Early functional outcomes
Delayed graft function (n, %) 14 (16.3%) 6 (13.0%) 8 (20.0%) 0.4
Postoperative serum creatinine (mg/dl) (Median, IQR)
J7 1.8 (1.4–3.5) 1.6 (1.4–2.9) 2.3 (1.5–4.5) 0.1
J30 1.5 (1.3–1.9) 1.5 (1.3-2.0) 1.6 (1.3–1.9) 0.7
Postoperative estimated creatinine clearance (CKD-EPI 2009, ml/min/1.73m2) (Median, IQR)
J7 35.5 (16.0-52.3) 42.5 (21.8–56.5) 24.0 (10.0-42.8) 0.01
J30 49.0 (37.0–57.0) 49.5 (37.0-63.8) 48.0 (36.0–54.0) 0.8
Postoperative recipient hemoglobin (g/dl) (median, IQR)
J7 9.8 (9.0–10.6) 10.0 (9.1–11.2) 9.6 (8.8–10.4) 0.2