Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population (N = 16,258)
| Characteristics | Prosocial behavior problems | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 8492) | Yes (N = 7766) | ||
| Maternal age (y) | 34.49 ± 4.46 | 34.15 ± 4.38 | < 0.001 |
| Child age (y) | 4.90 ± 0.86 | 4.74 ± 0.91 | < 0.001 |
| Maternal CES-D score | 10.10 ± 6.48 | 12.24 ± 6.60 | < 0.001 |
| Overreactive parenting score | 2.69 ± 1.09 | 3.13 ± 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Child gender | < 0.001 | ||
| Boy | 4161 (49.00%) | 4180 (53.82%) | |
| Girl | 4331 (51.00%) | 3586 (46.18%) | |
| Maternal education level | < 0.001 | ||
| ≤Junior high school | 2207 (25.99%) | 2334 (30.05%) | |
| High school diploma and junior college | 3777 (44.48%) | 3408 (43.88%) | |
| Undergraduate degree | 2405 (28.32%) | 1913 (24.63%) | |
| ≥Master’s degree | 103 (1.21%) | 111 (1.43%) | |
| Maternal marital status | 0.027 | ||
| Married | 8275 (97.44%) | 7608 (97.97%) | |
| Unmarried | 217 (2.56%) | 158 (2.03%) | |
| Annual household income (¥) | < 0.001 | ||
| <¥100,000 | 6803 (80.11%) | 6536 (84.16%) | |
| ≥¥100,000 <¥300,000 | 1576 (18.56%) | 1178 (15.17%) | |
| ≥¥300,000 | 113 (1.33%) | 52 (0.67%) | |
| Number of children in the household | 0.259 | ||
| 1 | 2380 (28.03%) | 2115 (27.23%) | |
| ≥2 | 6112 (71.97%) | 5651 (72.77%) | |
| Maternal CES-D score | < 0.001 | ||
| <16 | 7435 (87.55%) | 6239 (80.34%) | |
| ≥16 | 1057 (12.45%) | 1527 (19.66%) | |
| Overreactive parenting score tertile | < 0.001 | ||
| Low | 3418 (40.25%) | 1836 (23.64%) | |
| Middle | 2783 (32.77%) | 2579 (33.21%) | |
| High | 2291 (26.98%) | 3351 (43.15%) | |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number (percentage). CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Elevated depressive symptoms defined as CES-D ≥ 16. Prosocial behavior problems defined as SDQ prosocial behavior score < 6
¥, yuan renminbi (to convert to US dollar, multiply by 7.30)