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. 2026 Jan 27;26:665. doi: 10.1186/s12889-026-26410-8

Table 4.

The association between overreactive parenting and child prosocial behavior problems (N = 16,258)

OR (95% CI) P value
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Overreactive parenting score

1.49 (1.45, 1.54)

< 0.0001

1.51 (1.47, 1.56)

<0.0001

1.51 (1.46, 1.55)

< 0.0001

Overreactive parenting score tertile
 Low Reference Reference Reference
 Middle

1.73 (1.60, 1.87)

< 0.0001

1.74 (1.61, 1.88)

< 0.0001

1.74 (1.61, 1.88)

<0.0001

 High

2.72 (2.52, 2.94)

< 0.0001

2.81 (2.60, 3.04)

<0.0001

2.77 (2.56, 3.00)

< 0.0001

Data were presented as OR (95% CI) P value

Model 1 adjust for: none

Model 2 adjust for: child age, child gender, maternal age

Model 3 adjust for: child age, child gender, maternal age, maternal education level, maternal marital status, annual household income, and number of children in the household

Abbreviation: CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio