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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Feb 20.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Total Environ. 2023 May 29;892:164435. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164435

Table 2.

Studies using distributed lag models and selection of lag and cumulative effects (N = 22)

Author, year Linearity Statistical analysis Immediate or cumulative effect Lag time/Exposure prior to outcome Temporal unit
Wilson et al., 2013 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Immediate & cumulative 0, 1, 2, 3, 0–2 Daily
Wang et al., 2014 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Immediate & cumulative 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 0–7 Daily
Peng et al., 2017 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0, 0–1, 0–2, 0–3, 0–4, 0–5, 0–6, 0–7, 0–14, 0–21 Daily
Chan et al., 2018 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0–2, 0–8 Daily
Lee et al., 2018 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0–7 Daily
Sherbakov et al., 2018 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0–3 Daily
Wang et al., 2018 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0, 0–1, 0–2, 0–3, 0–4, 0–5, 0–6 Daily
Almendra et al., 2019 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0, 0–1, 0–2, 0–3, 0–4, 0–5, 0–6, 0–7 Daily
Gu et al., 2019 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0–7, 0–14, 0–21 Daily
Min et al., 2019 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Immediate & cumulative 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 0–1, 0–2, 0–3, 0–4, 0–5, 0–6, 0–7, 0–8, 0–9, 0–10, 0–11, 0–12, 0–13, 0–14, 0–15, 0–16, 0–17, 0–18, 0–19, 0–20, 0–21 Daily
Pan et al., 2019 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Immediate 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Daily
Xu et al., 2019 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Immediate 0, 1, 2 Daily
Yi et al., 2019 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Immediate & cumulative 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 0–1, 0–2, 0–3, 0–4, 0–5, 0–6, 0–7, 0–8, 0–9, 0–10, 0–11, 0–12, 0–1, 0–14 Daily, 0–14 cumulative days
da Silva et al., 2020 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0, 0–6, 0–7 Daily
Liu et al., 2020 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0, 1–5, 6–21, 0–21 Daily
Niu et al., 2020 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Immediate & cumulative 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0–1, 0–2, 0–3, 0–4, 0–5, 0–6, 0–7 Daily, 0–7 cumulative days
Zhang et al., 2020 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Immediate & cumulative 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 0–1, 0–3, 0–5, 0–7, 0–9 Daily
Bundo et al., 2021 Linear Distributed lag linear model Cumulative 0–3, 0–7 Daily
Eun-hye et al., 2021 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0, 0–3, 0–7, 0–14, 0–21 Daily
Jahan & Wraith, 2021 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0–3, 0–7, 0–10, 0–15, 0–21, −0–28, 0–30 Daily
Yoo et al., 2021 Non-linear Distributed lag non-linear model Cumulative 0–7 Daily