Table 3.

The table displays, for each included study, the risk-of-bias judgment for each of the six domains of bias and for the overall risk of bias

Study	Bias arising from the randomization process	Bias arising from period and carryover effects (crossover trials only)	Bias due to deviations from intended interventions	Bias due to missing outcome data	Bias in the measurement of the outcome	Bias in the selection of the reported result	Overall risk of bias
Cotelli et al. (2014)	Some concerns	Not applicable	High	Low	Low	Some concerns	High
McConathey et al. (2017)	Some concerns	Low	High	High	Low	Some concerns	High
Roncero et al. (2017)	Some concerns	High	Low	Low	Low	Some concerns	High
Ferrucci et al. (2018)	Some concerns	High	Low	Low	Low	Some concerns	High
Hosseini et al. (2019)	Some concerns	Low	High	Low	Some concerns	Some concerns	High
Benussi et al. (2020)	Low	Not applicable	Low	Low	Low	Some concerns	Some concerns
de Aguiar et al., (2020a, 2020b)	Some concerns	Not applicable	Low	Low	Low	High	High
Pytel et al. (2021)	Some concerns	Not applicable	Low	Low	Low	Some concerns	Some concerns
Nissim et al. (2022)	Some concerns	Some concerns	High	Low	Some concerns	Some concerns	High
Wang et al. (2022)	Some concerns	Not applicable	Low	High	Low	High	High
Borrego-Ecija et al. (2023)	Some concerns	Low	High	High	Low	Some concerns	High
Huang et al. (2023)	Low	Not applicable	Low	Low	Low	Some concerns	Some concerns