Table 2.
Prevalence of Somatic and Psychiatric Comorbidities among ADHD drug users Compared with the Control Group
| Type of disorders a | ADHD drug users n (%)b |
Control group n (%)b |
P-value c |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
1,497 (6.6) 1,500 (4.3) 1,410 (4.3) 394 (4.8) |
10,991 (4.8) 9,637 (2.8) 7,675 (2.3) 2,365 (2.9) |
|
| Chronic lung diseases | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
269 (1.2) 137 (0.4) 422 (1.3) 341 (4.2) |
1,907 (0.8) 1,007 (0.3) 1,680 (0.5) 1,438 (1.8) |
|
| Rheumatoid arthritis | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
202 (0.9) 248 (0.7) 662 (2.0) 300 (3.7) |
1,772 (0.8) 1,596 (0.5) 4,459 (1.4) 2,291 (2.8) |
|
| Herniated disc and other back problems | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
602 (2.6) 2,192 (6.3) 4,401 (13.4) 1,655 (20.2) |
4,812 (2.1) 15,587 (4.5) 28,179 (8.6) 10,933 (13.4) |
|
| Diabetes | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
102 (0.4) 290 (0.8) 616 (1.9) 314 (3.8) |
1,017 (0.4) 2,250 (0.7) 3,966 (1.2) 2,574 (3.1) |
|
| Allergy | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
819 (3.6) 1,013 (2.9) 946 (2.9) 172 (2.1) |
7,648 (3.4) 8,484 (2.5) 7,080 (2.2) 1,465 (1.8) |
|
| Hypertension | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
81 (0.4) 211 (0.6) 722 (2.2) 646 (7.9) |
195 (0.1) 841 (0.2) 4,479 (1.4) 5,066 (6.2) |
|
| Migraine | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
370 (1.6) 1,002 (2.9) 1,233 (3.8) 326 (4.0) |
2,778 (1.2) 7,125 (2.1) 8,128 (2.5) 1,873 (2.3) |
|
| Tinnitus | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
32 (0.1) 106 (0.3) 195 (0.6) 138 (1.7) |
205 (0.1) 521 (0.2) 1,376 (0.4) 919 (1.1) |
|
| Schizophrenia and related disorders | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
387 (1.7) 1,815 (5.3) 1,419 (4.3) 225 (2.7) |
683 (0.3) 6,256 (1.8) 5,220 (1.6) 898 (1.1) |
|
| Affective disorders | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
729 (3.2) 6,124 (17.7) 6,102 (18.6) 1,454 (17.8) |
1,381 (0.6) 15,180 (4.4) 12,826 (3.9) 2,532 (3.1) |
|
| Anxiety and stress-related disorders | <0.0001 | ||
|
Children (7-17 years) Young adults (18-29 years) Middle-aged adults (30-49 years) Older adults (50-64 years) |
4,289 (18.8) 9,930 (28.8) 8,186 (24.9) 1,654 (20.2) |
7,177 (3.1) 28,062 (8.1) 22,506 (6.8) 4,216 (5.1) |
|
| Chronic diseases | |||
|
No Yes |
52,407 (53.3) 45,991 (46.7) |
754,921 (76.7) 229,059 (23.3) |
<0.0001 |
| Number of chronic diseases | |||
|
1 2 3-4 5+ |
27,146 (27.6) 13,019 (13.6) 5,356 (5.4) 470 (0.5) |
161,697 (16.4) 49,803 (5.2) 16,376 (1.7) 1,183 (0.1) |
<0.0001 |
| The mean number of chronic conditions (SD) | 1.59 (0.85) | 1.40 (0.72) | <0.0001 |
aICD-codes for each disease area are described in supplementary 1
bThe percentage within each age interval is calculated based on the total number of individuals in each age interval in the study population for the control and ADHD groups, respectively
cThe p-values for all disease areas are based on whether there is an overall difference in the prevalence of comorbidities between individuals receiving medication treatment for ADHD and the control group, and do not account for differences across age groups