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. 2026 Feb 4;16:7237. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-37900-5

Table 2.

Cohort characteristics and comparative analysis between normal and abnormal vision Groups. Numerical variables are presented as mean ± SD. For binary clinical features, both the percentage and absolute number of patients are shown. Numerical variables were compared using the independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, based on the Shapiro–Wilk normality test. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square or fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. The test used is indicated by a superscript: † Mann–Whitney U; ‡ Chi-square; § fisher’s exact. Significant p-values (p < 0.05) are shown in bold.

Total Measurements All patients
(n = 168)
Normal
(n = 115)
Abnormal
(n = 53)
p-Value
515 321 194 -

Age (years) at first visit

(mean ± std)

8.9 ± 3.9 8.6 ± 3.8 9.5 ± 4.1 0.2
Number of Visits per patient (mean ± std) 3.0 ± 1.8 2.8 ± 1.8 3.7 ± 1.9 0.003
OPG (% of patients) 35% (59) 23% (27) 60% (32) < 0.0001
Lisch Nodules (% of patients) 2% (87) 51% (59) 53% (28) 0.98
Choroidal Nodules (% of patients) 26% (44) 28% (32) 23% (12) 0.60