Fig. 3.
Transporter protein engineering combined with adaptive evolution promoted glucose utilization and succinic acid production. a. Diagrammatic sketch of the strategy to boost glucose utilization. Gly: Glycerol; SA: Succinic acid; Mae1: C4-dicarboxylic acid transporter protein; Glu: Glucose. b. The OD600 of strains ST-109, ST-110, and ST-111 cultured in YPD medium. c. The glucose consumption curve of strains ST-109, ST-110, and ST-111 cultured in YPD medium. d. The 3D scatter plot shows the distribution relationships among OD600, succinic acid titer, and yield in the 3D scatter plot of ST-109 evolved strains. The color of the points corresponds to succinic acid titer intervals (as shown in the legend; e.g., 14.4–16.0 g/L is red, etc.). e. The succinic acid titer and succinic acid yield of the strains after 120 h of cultivation in YPD medium. ALE: Adaptive laboratory evolution; Jen1: dicarboxylic acid transport protein. “-” indicates the absence of metabolic engineering manipulation. “+” indicates implementation of metabolic engineering; “Δ” indicates gene knockout.