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. 2026 Feb 9;13:1767370. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1767370

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Copyright © 2026 Shawir, Frah, Mahmoud, Alamri, Alghabban, Aljohani and Khan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart with two vertical bars. The left bar is teal, reaching just above ten and labeled with an error bar. The right bar is orange, slightly lower, also with an error bar. Both bars suggest a comparison between two data sets. — Summative test scores (TBL vs. PBL). Comparison of summative test scores between TBL and PBL groups. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.