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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Womens Ment Health. 2024 Dec 4;28(4):903–910. doi: 10.1007/s00737-024-01541-2

Table 3.

Associations between maternal + paternal diagnosis of a mental health disorder and birth complications + congenital anomalies

Outcome Exposure OR 95% Cl p

Birth Complications Maternal MH Diagnosis 1.3 1.1–1.4 < 0.001
Paternal MH Diagnosis 1.2 1.1–1.3 0.004
Congenital Anomalies Maternal MH Diagnosis 1.2 1.1–1.3 < 0.001
Paternal MH Diagnosis 1.1 1.0–1.2 0.01
Adjustments Maternal age + Paternal age + Child’s year of birth + Family SES