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. 2026 Feb 10;8:1718466. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1718466

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Copyright © 2026 Afanou, Sagen, Barbero, Zanoni, Costa, Haugen and Zienolddiny-Narui.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images labeled A, B, and C. Image A shows clustered crystalline particles, image B displays scattered smaller particles and voids, and image C features a large, textured particle. — Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs of HDPE microplastics (A), along with the mixtures of HDPE MPs and A. fumigatus fragments (B) and spores (C).