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. 2026 Feb 10;8:1660332. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1660332

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© 2026 Li, Qin, Huang, Zhang, Bao and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A shows a person using a twin-axis goniometer submerged in a water tank. Panel B illustrates two measures, involving a baseline task, repeated range of motion, and repetitive elbow flexion-extension exercises. Panel C displays a diagram of electrode placements on the scalp, labeled with points like F3, FC3, C3, CP3, and P3. — Task posture, experimental procedure, and EEG electrode locations. (A) Task posture. (B) Experimental procedure. (C) EEG electrode locations.